Are neighbour tourists more sensitive to crowding? The impact of distance on the crowding-out effect in tourism

The concept of the crowding-out effect has been employed in the tourism literature to analyse complex phenomena. However, there is limited insight into the crowding-out effect on tourists by tourists, and even less into the impact of distance on the crowding-out of tourists. This paper examines the relationship between crowding perceptions, tourists' attitudes toward crowding and the consequences of being crowded out. Results from a sample of 729 international tourists in Hong Kong suggest that there is a crowding-out effect on tourists by tourists, but this has only a marginal influence on the majority. The limited crowding-out effect is induced by tourists in general rather than by a single segment. The study also investigates the effect of distance on tourist crowding. The findings reveal a decaying effect of distance on tourists’ crowding perceptions, as neighbour tourists are more susceptible to tourist crowding than tourists from long-haul markets.     

国家科技奖励绩效评价指标体系生成机理探析

本质上，国家科技奖励绩效评价指标体系生成是国家科技奖励绩效基本概念从抽象到具体的操作化过程。遵循“基本概念—评价维度—测量指标”的逻辑理路，探析国家科技奖励绩效评价指标体系的生成机理。研究发现，在国家科技奖励绩效评价指标体系生成过程中，概念操作化是逻辑起点，评价维度解构是逻辑中介，测量指标筛选与赋权是逻辑终点。在生成机理剖析基础上构建的绩效评价指标体系更接近国家科技奖励绩效的本质内涵，更能体现国家科技奖励的核心绩效。     

RESEARCH ON STRUCTURAL HOLES: AN ASSESSMENT ON MEASUREMENT ISSUES

Social capital theory generally analyses network structures by focusing on the connections between players. However, it has been suggested by several authors that the absence of relations in a network or ‘structural holes’ is meaningful. The aim of our paper is to provide a global survey and appraisal of the academic research on structural holes and discuss its main measurements. We adopt a bibliometric approach and identify a typology of practices, developments, and issues related to structural holes. We highlight a strand of work on operationalization of structural holes, and discuss the various measures they propose. We provide numerical examples emphasizing the respective advantages and limitations of the studied measures. Based on our results, we propose a guide to using existing measures of structural holes according to the type (simple or complex) of network.     

Managing distance in international purchasing and supply: a systematic review of literature from the resource-based view perspective

The aim of this research is to find out how the extant literature on international purchasing and supply management (PSM) covers the elements of capability from the perspective of distance. A priori, we form a framework of capability driving elements and conclude that distance—in its multiple dimensions—is the fundamental management aspect in international PSM. Equipped with analytical frameworks and a bottom–up process for identifying emergent themes, a systematic literature review was conducted on a representative sample of scholarly literature on international PSM, using the NVivo analysis software and a data display as tools. We identify several capability relevant themes from the literature, and provide a distance-based a posteriori conceptualisation of international PSM, founded in the information processing theory, with the source-user, user-user and source-source distance types driving the information processing requirements, and loading avoidance, policy-based and enhancement mechanisms determining the information processing capacity.     

团队断层的内涵、测量及效应：研究述评与展望

考虑到多重特征的属性构型，为解决研究中面临的“双刃剑效应”矛盾，团队断层从组合角度分析成员多样性及排列方式，是对团队多样性研究的深化。通过对团队断层研究渊源的探究及与多样性的比较，阐释了团队断层的内涵与外延，详细介绍了测量方法，并依据断层成因与激活、效应与路径、修复与治理的逻辑脉络梳理了研究成果，可为未来研究提供参考借鉴。     

Toward understanding the attitude measurements in hospitality research

This study explores the current status of measuring attitude in the hospitality research and empirically examines the effect of the measurement’s format on research results. Specifically, we review the hospitality literature that measures attitude and identify two emerging issues that need further investigation. Two empirical studies follow to examine the measurement issues: The effects of measurement specification (Study 1) and measurement formats (Study 2) on research results. The findings from Study 1 show that the magnitude of an attitude’s effect on behavior may vary depending on whether specific targets of attitudes are indicated in the measurement. In Study 2, the results show that measurement formats may not significantly affect the research results, which contradicts the literature. Our contribution is in providing hospitality researchers with guidelines on how to measure attitude.     

粤港澳大湾区城市技术创新能力时空演化及影响因素研究——来自空间、门限面板数据模型的实证检验

为促进城市间协同融合发展，采用极差、变异系数、基尼系数和ESDA等方法考察粤港澳大湾区城市技术创新能力的时空演化特征及空间关联模式，并通过SPDM模型剖析影响城市技术创新能力的关键因素，结合门限面板模型进一步探讨在经济发展水平门限效应下，核心创新要素对城市技术创新能力的影响。结果显示：①城市技术创新能力总体呈上升趋势，2014年后增速加快，各城市技术创新能力均衡发展；②城市技术创新能力“中心—外围”特征明显，“中心”城市位于区域东南部沿珠江口东岸地带，空间关联模式主要表现为H-H型和L-L型；③人力资本、研发经费投入对城市技术创新能力具有显著促进作用，但人力资本的溢出效应显著为负，研发经费投入的负向溢出效应不明显；④在经济发展水平的单一门限效应下，人力资本对城市技术创新能力的影响先升后降，研发经费投入对城市技术创新能力的促进作用随着城市经济发展水平越过门槛值而不再显著。     

BENFORD'S LAW AS AN INDICATOR OF SURVEY RELIABILITY—CAN WE TRUST OUR DATA?

This paper analyzes how closely different income measures conform to Benford's law, a mathematical predictor of probable first digit distribution across many sets of numbers. Because Benford's law can be used to test data set reliability, we use a Benford analysis to assess the quality of six widely used survey data sets. Our findings indicate that although income generally obeys Benford's law, almost all the data sets show substantial discrepancies from it, which we interpret as a strong indicator of reliability issues in the survey data. This result is confirmed by a simulation, which demonstrates that household level income data do not manifest the same poor performance as individual level data. This finding implies that researchers should focus on household level characteristics whenever possible to reduce observation errors.     

新会计准则中公允价值计量的探析

我国新颁布的企业会计准则中第一次大量引用了公允价值计量,引起了会计学界的广泛争议。本文重点分析了公允价值计量引入新会计准则的逻辑分析、具体表现、特点和应对措施。意在理论研究和实务操作方面更好地把握公允价值计量这一引人入胜的观念。     

Organizational innovation: The challenge of measuring non-technical innovation in large-scale surveys

Although the implementation of innovative organizational concepts is considered to be highly important for a company's competitiveness, so far there has been little research on possible approaches to measure and monitor organizational innovations in large-scale surveys. Based on an item-oriented typology of organizational innovations which serves as the precondition for a common understanding, we describe and compare how organizational innovations have been measured through existing surveys in Europe. Using a large-scale survey comprising data of 1450 German manufacturing companies, we show how these different approaches lead to significantly different results regarding the organizational innovativeness of companies within one and the same sample. We derive four implications for the future measurement and monitoring of organizational innovations. Our findings contribute to the further development of an adequate methodology for an organizational innovation monitoring system.