RAIFFEISEN AS SOCIAL INNOVATOR

In recent years the term social innovation has become widely used by policy makers, yet important ambiguities remain. One of these concerns what has been called the paradox of embedded agency – how social innovators conceive of something new when working with existing social institutions. So far few writers have considered whether historical examples can, with benefit of hindsight, shed light on the relationships between social innovators and social institutions. This paper considers the example of Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, creator of rural credit unions and agricultural co‐operatives in 19th‐century Germany. Raiffeisen was a social conservative who worked in many ways within existing social institutions. At the same time, his desire to meet social needs drove him to create new forms of action and organization that resulted in social innovation. Raiffeisen's process of invention shows that social innovation, particularly in transitional eras like his, need not be a matter of using logical‐deductive processes to address a social need, but may depend critically on values, will, a readiness to experiment, and an ability to find allies. These qualities enabled Raiffeisen to break through existing institutions to do something fundamentally new, and they may be qualities that provide new focus for social‐innovation research and policy.     

基于ZigBee的家庭安全监控系统研究

通过对家庭安全监控系统需求的分析,设计了一种基于ZigBee技术的家庭安全监控系统。分析了家庭安全监控系统的特点,给出了ZigBee网络组建方法和系统的软硬件设计,并介绍了ZigBee网关的实现方法和硬件设计,完成对家庭安全监控系统的搭建。实验验证本系统稳定性强,使用灵活方便,可以实现家庭安全的实时监控,保障家庭安全。     

Cultural influence on corporate and governmental involvement in accounting policy determination in Japan

This study examines the impact of culture on the motivation for, and mode of involvement of, the corporations and the government in accounting policy determination in Japan. Three propositions are developed and evaluated against the events that occurred in the formulation and implementation of the 1976 ordinances on consolidation. Data are derived from source documentation and personal interviewing. Cultural determinants are seen to position the corporations and bureaucracy as influential and conflicting interest groups in accounting standard-setting in Japan and to predetermine a mode of conflict resolution in policy determination that maintains the “balance of forces” between those parties.     

Interactive software for the capture,management, and analysis of data in Delphi inquiries

Studies utilizing the Delphi method are typically the subject of extensive research design. Such studies also have a reputation for being expensive when compared with some other forms of social research. There is a large class of research that may benefit from the use of off-the-shelf software that is used not only in data analysis but also as a medium of communication and data management.This paper focuses on one such software package that incorporates these three aspects with the aim of streamlining Delphi-based research.     

Industrial product managers: Authority and responsibility

This exporatory study concentrated on large industrial firms. The data indicate the IPM is well accepted, and has a very bright future. Their authority and responsibilities are similar to consumer goods PM's with technical aspects being the exceptions.     

通过试飞测量大型直升机超短波天线的方向图

超短波天线方向图的精确测量对摸清机载通信系统性能底数，指导部队战术应用具有重要意义。针对传统试飞方法均不适用于大型直升机天线方向图测量的问题,通过分析大型直升机的飞行性能特点，提出了一种新的适用于大型直升机的超短波天线方向图试飞方法。通过分析计算给出了试飞中载机高度、速度、姿态等参数的限制数据，制定了详细的试飞流程，提出了逐架次、逐频点采集校准数据并完成校准曲线拟合的方法，得到了较高的测量精度。该方法已在某大型直升机定型试飞中进行了应用，试飞结果表明该方法的测量结果与传统测量方法之间的标准差在1.6 dB内，试飞效率提高了66%.     

O.M.W. Sprague (the man who “wrote the book” on financial crises) and the founding of the Federal Reserve

O.M.W. Sprague was America's leading expert on financial crises when America was debating establishing the Federal Reserve. His History of Crises under the National Banking System is the most enduring intellectual legacy of the National Monetary Commission; a still frequently cited classic. Since the Commission recommended a central bank, and its recommendation after some modifications became the Federal Reserve System, it might be assumed that Sprague was a strong supporter of establishing a central bank. But he was not. Initially, Sprague favored far more limited reforms, a position that he did not abandon until the Federal Reserve became a fait accompli. Here I discuss the sources of Sprague's opposition to a central bank and the relationship of that opposition to his understanding of the history and structure of the American banking system at the turn of the nineteenth century.     

Reconciling different truths about isomorphic pressure and distinctive behavior at European cooperative banks: Back to the future with Raiffeisen's principles

This article employs a new approach to address a key question in an expanding literature on European cooperative banks: are they still distinctive and sources of social innovation or did they suffer from organizational isomorphism throughout their history? First, we go back to the time when Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen (1818–1888) formulated his principles for the forerunners of many contemporary cooperative banks. Subsequently, we identify areas where major adaptations to the archetypical model of cooperative banks have taken place or are still taking place today. We integrate a detailed explanation of the backgrounds and motivations of these steps with an analysis of isomorphic consequences and loss of distinctiveness that have allegedly emanated from these adjustments. Against the latter common opinion, we place an equally well‐founded dissenting view and formulate recommendations to stay on or return to the cooperative track. Thus, we reconcile conflicting assessments in scientific publications and present a balanced view on the current peculiarity of cooperative banks, substantiated by up‐to‐date figures. With the economic disruption caused by the coronavirus outbreak, we argue that, now more than ever, cooperative banks could demonstrate their solidarity, long‐term orientation and local anchoring—namely bringing Raiffeisen's principles back to the future.     

滇东南薄竹山团山钨矿接触带多层矿化成矿特征研究

团山钨矿位于滇东南薄竹山南部,是官房大型钨矿床最主要的成矿地段。官房大型钨矿床为典型的接触交代型矽卡岩白钨矿矿床,是薄竹山地区矿化最好的地段。文章从围岩、构造和岩浆岩与成矿关系入手,分析接触带构造、背斜构造、层理及层间破碎带的控矿作用,总结矽卡岩型白钨矿矿床接触带构造成矿地质条件。探讨该区矿床控矿因素及成矿地质条件,研究多层接触带和多层矿化带成矿的成矿地质条件及成矿规律,为薄竹山地区的找矿工作提供理论依据及指导。