我国农产品期货市场发展现状、问题及对策

近年来,我国农产品期货市场日益规范,交易规模扩大,交易品种增加,但仍然存在交易品种少、体系不完善、法律法规不健全、投资主体结构不合理、合作组织及中介机构发展落后等问题。为推动我国农产品期货市场健康发展,必须不断开发新上市品种,进一步优化市场结构;加强农产品期货市场秩序整顿,加快立法,完善监管;加强对农户的教育和培训,塑造成熟的投资主体;通过建立农户自组型期货合作社、企农联合型期货合作社和信农互动型期货合作社等期货合作模式,帮助农户利用农产品期货市场增加收益。     

Agroecological and economic approach of prevention and curing of sandstorms in China

With the warming and drying of climate and desertification, sandstorms are occurring on a more frequent basis. In China, high-frequency regions of sandstorms tend to correspond with the spring wheat regions between the end of February and the end of March. During March to May each year, when sandstorms frequently occur, the seedlings of spring wheat are young and susceptible to being uprooted by the winds. There is not enough plant coverage or root depth at this early stage to hold the soil from the fierce winds. As a result, the young plant life is destroyed and leaving the top soil susceptible to being blown about when in the path of high-frequency regions of sandstorms. By contrast, the seeding time of winter wheat is about September-October corresponding to lowest-frequency period of sandstorms. From the end of February to the middle of March, the winter wheat begins to turn green (ahead of 10 day than grass).During March to May when sandstorm frequently occurs, the winter wheat has come into a mature tillering or jointing stage. By then, the leaf area index is 1-4 and height is up to 20-50 cm, by which the loose soil is more compacted and covered with the fledging wheat. The result is that the energy of the air current is gradually dissipated and the wind speed near the ground is greatly weakened. So, without bare uncovered soil being whipped by powerful winds, the resulting sandstorms are greatly mitigated or weakened.After investigating the trend of global warming, the geological history-forming mechanism of sandstorms and their temporal-spatial distributions, and test for the last few years, the result is that by replacing spring wheat with winter wheat in high-frequency sandstorm regions, the damages of sandstorm are greatly reduced. Thus, by significantly increasing the vegetal cover time of ground during the windy season, one can alleviate the hazard index of sandstorms, which is a social, ecological and economic favorable result.     

对袋装小麦粉抽样方法的探讨

在实际工作中，通过典型事例分析，指出在监督检验中，袋装小麦粉按ＧＢ５４９１－１９８５百分比抽样方法存在的缺陷，建议采用ＧＢ２８２８标准，以解决批量大小时判的宽严问题。     

中国近代商标名称的语义考察

中国近代商标名称所用的词语有74%是选用已有的,有75.5%是单义的,有56.2%是无感情色彩的,有86.1%是无语体色彩的,有70.5%是有形象色彩的,有37.5%是有文化色彩的。商标名称的理性意义体现了汉民族的价值观念,色彩意义体现了汉民族的思维方式和审美情趣。考察探讨商标名称语义,可引导企业在商标命名时注重语义因素和文化元素的融合,创立起更具竞争力的商标名称。     

Deregulation as (Welfare Reducing) Trade Reform: the Case of the Australian Wheat Board

State trading enterprises are distinguishable from private, commercial firms by the nature of their exclusive rights and objectives. Deregulation of the Australian Wheat Board is used to illustrate the effects of these rights and objectives on trade and welfare. Theoretical models are specified and the effects measured through calibrated, partial equilibrium models. It was found that the successive deregulations of the Australian Wheat Board caused it to switch from being equivalent to an export subsidy to, today, being equivalent to an export tax. At the same time, deregulation has not necessarily been welfare enhancing.     

Price Discrimination in the Context of Vertical Differentiation: An Application to Canadian Wheat Exports

The ability of the Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) to price discriminate in wheat exports is examined. The conceptual model shows that the CWB's ability to exploit cost differences in pricing depends on the extent of differentiation between Canadian and U.S. wheat. This model is implemented using monthly confidential price data for exports to four markets from 1982 to 1994. The empirical results support the conclusions that (1) the CWB has market power emerging from product differentiation, (2) the CWB price discriminates across export markets, and (3) Alchian–Allen effects are important in pricing in markets valuing quality such as Japan and the United Kingdom.     

Agricultural innovation in less developed countries

We identify and elaborate some critical factors and mechanisms that foster the emergence of cooperative behavioral patterns. Through institutionalization, which solves social dilemmas through habituation, these factors and mechanisms provide the foundation of contingent cooperation and contextual trust in specific interaction ‘arenas’ and ‘meso’-sized ‘platforms’ (and related carrier groups) in these. This, then, may in turn support the emergence of general trust in the whole population, i.e., across all specific arenas and platforms. The emergence of institutions of cooperation may gain traction more easily in smaller arenas. This, and the transfer, spillover, or generalization to other arenas and platforms, is by no means determined, and the analytical foundation we offer permits to account for the different levels of cooperation, general trust, and socioeconomic performance observable in real-world economies (varieties of capitalisms). Directions of future research, as well as a policy focus, are provided as well.     

López de Peñalver's Reflexiones : an economic and mathematical approach

Juan López de Peñalver was an engineer and mathematician who trained in Spain, Central Europe and Paris. His Reflexiones sobre la variación del precio del trigo (1812) contained three models of: (1) wages, wheat prices and mortality; (2) transport costs and location; and (3) constant relative prices, which were brought to an international readership in 1961. His complete works were published in 1992. An advocate of political arithmetic and mathematical economics, he was influenced by Canard, Condorcet and Steuart and the economic writings of Lavoisier and Lagrange; a considerable distance separated him from both Adam Smith and J.-B. Say.     

小麦物理参量的应用与杂质清理

简单介绍了小麦的部分物理参量及其应用,又把混入的杂质与小麦物理个性、食用价值进行差异比较,阐述了清理原则、清理流程、清理设备和清理效率系统理论,以强化小麦加工前的净化意识,确保制粉条件实现。     

Creating Legitimacy,Reciprocity, and Transfer Programs

Sustainable development prospects are not substantially visible in the comparative analysis of models of capitalism. The concept of sustainable development does not appear in the initial theoretical framework of the “variety of capitalism” approach or in the “diversity of capitalism” approach. This article aims to contribute to current thinking about the interaction between the diversity of capitalism and sustainable development, based on the concepts of institutional complementarity and hierarchy, and to question the dynamics of various forms of capitalism in this perspective. The example of economic policies aimed at tackling global warming shows how each form of capitalism adopts measures that are compatible with its own unique configuration of complementary institutions, helping to make it “greener.” However, this trend fits into a dynamic of “limited sustainability” that does not challenge the finance-dominated institutional hierarchy or the current growth regime. The non-viability of our production/consumption model on a global scale calls for a more radical change in capitalism, combined with a shift in the institutional hierarchy.