New market creation through transformation

Is new market creation a search and selectionprocess within the theoretical space of all possible markets? Or is it the outcome of a process of transformation of extant realities into new possibilities? In this article we consider new market creation as a process involving a new network of stakeholders. The network is initiated through an effectual commitment that sets in motion two concurrent cycles of expanding resources and convergingconstraints that result in the new market. The dynamic model was induced from two empirical investigations, a cognitive science-based investigation of entrepreneurial expertise, and a real time history of the RFID industry. JEL Classification: M13, M31, D4, D52, D71, D72, L1, L2, P42 We would like to thank the Batten Institute at the Darden Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Virginia, for supporting this research. We would also like to thank the following on specific contributions to our thesis: Anil Menon for his relentless insistence on more precise formulations of effectual reasoning; Jim March for his conversation and for inspiring us to dig into Type I and Type II errors; Rob Wiltbank for firming up the section on opportunity costs; and Stuart Read for helping us clarify our writing. Correspondence to: S.D. Sarasvathy     

Transport development and the evolution of economic geography

In this paper, based on the recent advances in the new economic geography (e.g., Fujita et al. [12]), we analyze impacts of transport costs on the spatial patterns of economic agglomeration. We first identify prototypes from the existing models, and explain the mechanism of how transport costs influence the balance between economic forces of agglomeration and dispersion. We then investigate the transformation of the agglomeration/dispersion patterns given gradually decreasing transport costs for different goods.Received: Received: July 2004 / Accepted: January 2005, Accepted: Received: July 2004 / Accepted: January 2005, JEL Classification: R12Tomoya Mori: Correspondence toThe authors are grateful to David Bernstein, Tatsuo Hatta, Komei Sasaki, Tony E. Smith, and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments. This research is partly supported by The Grant in Aid for Research 08403001 of Ministry of Education, Science and Culture in Japan, the Murata Science Foundation, and WESCO Civil Engineering Technology Foundation.     

市场开放进程中的工业企业集聚与人口城市化——长三角地区人口城市化的动因探析(1984—2002)

在渐进的市场改革和开放进程中,长三角地区以城市人口不断增加为表现的人口城市化进程并没有遵循城市化进程的国际经验,即城市化主要来自工业化的推动,而主要由于工业企业集中、政府干预和市场促进等多种因素的相互作用,人口城市化发展的演进特征则是上述诸多因素共同作用的结果。确切地说,不断增加的工业生产活动并没有对长江三角洲地区的城市化进程发挥明显作用,特别是在城市化加速发展阶段,市场开放进程中不断向市区集聚的工业企业的集聚行为(而非工业化)在很大程度上促进了城市化的快速发展。考察和分析了不同阶段长三角人口城市化发展的不同特征和区域差异。     

企业所得税税率调整的经济影响探析

从税率的调整角度,对新旧企业所得税税率的规定进行比较,分析新企业所得税税率的经济学内涵:统一税率为内外资企业发展创造公平竞争的市场环境;拉弗曲线最优税率的经济学诠释;新税法确立了中等偏低的具有国际竞争力的税率,提出了新税法将对企业及经济运行的影响。     

中国商业银行操作风险控制战略结构模型研究

根据新巴塞尔资本协议的精神,操作风险管理正成为商业银行风险管理的核心内容。操作风险控制战略结构模型的设计是有效地实施风险控制战略行为的前提,而模型设计过程必须借鉴国内外商业银行操作风险管理的实践经验,认为因子分析可以对模型的有效性和可靠性提供检验。     

米塞斯与奥地利学派经济学

米塞斯与哈耶克是新奥地利学派的代表人物,哈耶克的国际学术声望和地位要高于米塞斯,但米塞斯却是当然的精神领袖。米塞斯培养出了第三代、第四代遵循和发展奥地利学派传统的经济学家,而且新奥地利经济学的几乎所有贡献或者始于米塞斯的著述,或者源于进一步发展其观点的努力。这些贡献对自由市场制度作出了不同于新古典主义经济学的解读。如果要想对市场之所以有效率的广泛基础和某些重要细节获得更好的理解,自然不能忽视米塞斯的贡献。     

新农村建设视野下消除农民贫困的战略思考

建设社会主义新农村是中国现代化进程中的重大历史任务,该文论述了农民贫困是建设新农村的重大障碍,提出了消除农民贫困,建设新农村的途径：一是进行制度创新,实施反贫困战略;二是大力发展经济,扩大农村就业;三是以市场为导向,加快调整,提高效益;四是立足自身优势,发展特色农业;五是搞好农产品精细加工,促进农业产业化发展;六是强化服务,转变职能,提高农业的社会化服务水平;七是坚持科技兴农,拓展增收渠道;八是搞好农村市场建设,畅通销售渠道;九是加快农村城镇化进程;十是加强教育培训,增强农民素质。     

The effect of market orientation and its components on innovation consequences: a meta-analysis

While there is a rich body of research on market orientation’s effect on business performance, much little attention has been given to its effect on innovation consequences. This is the first meta-analytic effort to study the independent effects of market orientation components (customer orientation, competitor orientation, interfunctional coordination) on innovation consequences. Also, it is the first meta-analysis to study the impact of contextual characteristics on the way market orientation affects innovation consequences. The study finds that market orientation components positively affect innovation consequences but that competitor orientation’s effect depends on a minimum level of customer orientation. The study also suggests that the relationship between market orientation and innovation consequences is stronger in highly competitive environments but weaker in technology turbulent ones. Finally, findings suggest that the relationship is stronger in large firms, service companies, and in countries characterized by high individualism and high power distance national cultures.

新农民视角下的新型农村社区建设问题

农村社区建设不能局限于对城市生活的模仿,应当根据新时代农民的特点,充分发挥农村现有的资源优势,实现农民利益诉求与新型农村社区建设的有机整合。当前的农村社区建设与农民的众多诉求还存在诸多冲突。新型农村社区建设应强调突出农村、农业、农民的特点,以农民为建设主体,以满足农民诉求为目标,通过整合资源、完善服务,提升生活质量,建设和谐宜居的新农村。     

一场影响深远的错误批判——试述对马寅初《新人口论》的批判

1953年的人口普查引起我国著名经济学家马寅初的高度重视,他通过实地调查,于1957年提出《新人口论》,分析了我国人口增长同生产力发展的矛盾,从而提出控制人口的主张。但由于极左思潮的影响,《新人口论》遭到批判。各种批判文章将马寅初的《新人口论》和马尔萨斯的人口论挂钩,指责马寅初的《新人口论》是新马尔萨斯主义。这场错误批判产生了严重的后果,它把许多人口学家错误地打成右派,使我国人口理论的研究停滞,使计划生育工作受到严重挫折。