技术学习——企业技术能力演进的分析框架

企业技术能力的演进是一个技术学习过程,本文对技术能力和技术学习的基本内涵进行了分析和探讨,并提出了一个企业技术能力发展决定因素和机制的分析框架。我们认为,为获取技术能力发展所需要的知识和技能,技术学习需要整合三个维度的知识学习:个人学习与组织学习,内部知识学习与外部知识学习,以及显性知识与隐性知识的学习。因此,企业技术学习应该包含以下四个子过程:外部知识获取、内部知识获取、知识编码化以及知识社会化。由于这四个过程所获取的知识来源,性质不同,为完成这些子过程所需要的资源和机制也各不相同。通过对各个子学习过程决定因素和机制的分析识别,综合起来,我们为分析企业技术能力获取的决定因素和内部机制提供了一个基本理论框架。     

Why Developing Countries Have Failed to Increase Their Exports of Agricultural Processed Products

The article uses the case study of coffee, tea and cocoa to analyse whether tariff escalation constitutes a barrier to market access that thwarts diversification efforts of developing countries into exports of value‐added agricultural processed products. It also examines the extent to which non‐tariff barriers act as market access barriers that constrain developing countries from developing their exports of agricultural processed products. Our analysis shows that tariff escalation is not the main barrier; rather it is the prevalence of non‐tariff barriers (including domestic non‐tariff barriers) that limits the ability of developing countries to increase their agricultural processed exports. This has important policy implications in terms of the emphasis that trade negotiators and policy planners should place on addressing non‐tariff barriers.     

“Third World” Multinationals Revisited

Abstract

The notion of “Third World Multinationals” has always been, at least, slightly misleading, and has now also become obsolete, taking into account the dismantlement of most of the ideological divides between different political and economic blocks since the early 1990s, and the new rules of the games imposed by globalization. Furthermore, new multinationals emerging from China, and also from the former Soviet republics, are demanding a new and more flexible taxonomy. The present paper re-defines “Multinationals from Developing Countries” (MEDCs) and it reviews first, the current literature on multinationals, looking at the key factors which may explain the internationalization process of enterprises coming from outside the traditional, developed, and industrialised world, and also whether they may enjoy specific sources of comparative advantages, different from those ascribed to the old, established multinationals. A statistical appendix provides a brief but comprehensive survey of the current status of MEDCs, pointing out that, at the end of the day, there are roughly only four such enterprises in the usual rankings of the first one hundred multinational corporations, worldwide, and that the prospects of a forthcoming, and enhanced upgrading in the global corporate structure are heavily geared towards Asia. The data would also seem to support the argument that sheer “scale”, as such, of the enterprises does not explain a greater or lower degree of “transnationalization,” a conclusion which, added to that of the greater flexibility provided by the new information technologies, could be goods news for small-and medium-sized enterprises coming from the developing world.     

Societal institutions and HRM practices: an analysis of four European multinational subsidiaries in Bangladesh

Using the ‘societal-effect’ approach, a variant of the institutional theory developed and tested in Europe, this study investigates the impact of societal institutions on human resource management (HRM) practices of European multinational subsidiaries in Bangladesh, which is now on the list of the Next-11 economies of the world. In-depth case studies of four European multinational subsidiaries revealed the presence of different degrees of influence – partly attributable to societal effect – on the human resource practices of these subsidiaries. Our study added a new dimension to the interface between the strong and weak institutions and how such interfacing accords both legitimacy and reverse legitimacy to MNC subsidiaries and their societal institutions respectively. Another interesting finding of the study is the emergence of political system as a societal institution and, hence, a determinant of HRM practices in these subsidiaries. The study's implications are given.     

Institutions and human resource practices in European countries

Abstract

Stemming from differences between approaches to new institutionalism, this paper analyses the impact of institutions on the adoption of human resource practices (HRP) in organizations. With this aim in mind, two opposing hypotheses are presented: should configurations of national institutions be related to the actual implementation of HRP by organizations or not? This empirical analysis uses a sample of 29,959 employees who work in organizations established in 27 European countries and takes into account the employees’ perception about the HRP used in their organizations and which affect them. The results support the approach to new institutionalism that emphasizes legitimacy and isomorphism, since these results show empirical regularities when countries are compared. Specifically, a country’s configurations of regulative, normative and cognitive institutions are related to the actual implementation of HRP, such as internal promotion, job participation, job design, work-life balance, job training, assessment and teamwork. These results suggest relevant practical implications for human resource managers and policy-makers.     

国外地下空间开发利用的经验借鉴

城市地下空间开发在缓解城市土地供需矛盾、改善交通和城市环境、增加城市功能、促进城市可持续发展等方面具有重要价值,是现代城市建设的重要内容和可持续发展的方向。系统地梳理欧美日等国家在开发利用城市地下空间的做法和经验,可以为我国科学开发利用城市地下空间提供有益借鉴。     

陶一井田断层发育特征及古构造应力-应变场演化探究

通过对邯郸矿区陶一煤矿多年勘探和生产中获得的大量地质资料分析研究,得出该矿地质构造以正断层发育为主,断层分期形成及中小断层两盘呈反牵引的特点。并在此基础上结合大地及区域地质构造情况,进而探究了陶一井田古构造应力-应变场演化与断层形成间的关系。     

Trade Openness and Spatial Inequality in Emerging Countries

Abstract

Emerging world countries have experienced over the last two decades a significant change in their trade patterns. Bold trade reforms have been followed by rapid rises in international trade levels. However, despite these radical changes, we know remarkably little about how changes in trade patterns are affecting the evolution of regional inequality in the developing world. This paper addresses the link between trade openness and spatial inequality across 22 emerging countries over the period between 1990 and 2006. Our findings show that changes in international trade bring about a significant rise in within-country inequality across the developing world and that this impact is greatest in the poorest countries. This result is robust to the inclusion of a number of control variables, and to changes in the specification of the sample and in the measure used to quantify the level of regional disparities. Consequently, the increase in trade exposure across the emerging world, while possibly benefiting the countries involved in the process in aggregate terms, is generating winning and losing regions.     

古村落旅游研究评述

在城镇化、现代化的加速进程中,与回归大自然相对应,古村落作为城市的同质异类互补对象,受到了旅游者、旅游企业的青睐。古村落旅游及其研究在国内外不断兴起,分析和总结国内外文献在古村落资源特点和价值及其旅游开发、旅游流和客源市场、资源保护、旅游影响、景区管理等方面的研究,是掌握发展古村落旅游的基础并识别应有的前线所在。     

中国古代木家具腿足形式及其结构的演变

腿足是家具的主要构件,它既是家具视觉形式的构成要素之一,又对家具功能起着较为直接的影响。根据其关键构件的形式特点,中国古代木家具腿足可分为板足式、跗足式、立腿式、架座式、壶门、式、托泥式等六种基本形式。分析和研究这六种腿足形式的演变及其结构方式,将有助于人们形象地了解中国古代家具艺术以及当时人们的生活场景。