商业银行主动负债发展的经济效应

主动负债发展会带来商业银行间融资增加,通过分别设立模型研究商业银行间净融资规模增加和不同期限互相融资规模增加两种情况后,可以得出主动负债发展的微观经济效应:(1)净融资规模增加后银行流动性改善,资金投放规模增加;融资环境改善后商业银行备付金率可降低,流动性进一步提高.(2)商业银行彼此融资后,在不同期限资金投放业务上成本不同的银行会发挥各自相对优势,实现差异化经营,促使银行总收益增加.在上述微观分析基础上,通过对我国金融环境的具体分析,可以得出主动负债发展能推动我国利率市场化、发展金融市场、促进货币创造等宏观经济效应.     

最优天线选择的空时分组编码

本文针对TD－SCDMA系统的MIMO（Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)信道，采用天线选择技术来提高空时分组码（Space-Time Block Coding)的分集性能。其依据是利用TDD系统上、下行信道的互易性，将系统对上行信道的估计直接应用于行链路。仿真结果表明，将天线选择技术与空时分组码（STBC）相结合对系统的误码率性能有较大的改善。     

能源安全测度的新维度:能源多样性

作为经济发展的源动力,能源及其安全测度问题一直是政府和学者研究的热门话题。将多样性引入到能源系统和能源安全研究中,探讨了能源安全和多样性之间的关系;界定了能源多样性的内容,包括国内能源供应的多样性和能源进口的多样性;利用香农-威纳多样性指数和Pielou均衡度指数,计算和分析了美国和中国近5年来的能源供应及进口情况,进而对其能源安全进行了对比研究。在2009—2013年,美国的能源多样性水平比中国高。结果表明能源多样性在一定程度上可以作为衡量能源安全的维度,中国能源多样性水平表明应致力于改变煤炭的主导局面,改善能源供应结构,拓宽和均衡能源进口渠道。     

On Crop Biodiversity, Risk Exposure, and Food Security in the Highlands of Ethiopia

This paper investigates the effects of crop genetic diversity on farm productivity and production risk in the highlands of Ethiopia. Using a moment-based approach, the analysis uses a stochastic production function capturing mean, variance, and skewness effects. Welfare implications of diversity are evaluated using a certainty equivalent, measured as expected income minus a risk premium (reflecting the cost of risk). We find that the effect of diversity on skewness dominates its effect on variance, meaning that diversity reduces the cost of risk. The analysis also shows that the beneficial effects of diversity become of greater value in degraded land.     

新疆南北疆沙产业发展差异性及对经济、环境影响研究

研究新疆沙产业区域发展差异性,分析沙产业发展与环境、经济的关系,对加深社会以及相关部门对沙产业的认识具有一定促进作用,也能够一定程度上促进沙产业本身的良性发展。文章选取环塔里木盆地-塔克拉玛干沙漠区域的和田地区与环准噶尔盆地-古尔班通古特沙漠区域的26个县市(兵团)作为主要研究对象,数据来源为实地调查、新疆统计年鉴及新疆各地2013年统计公报等,筛选出当地沙产业发展、经济发展及环境状况的10个具有代表性的指标;运用因子分析、聚类分析等多元统计方法,对调查区26个不同区域的沙产业发展进行了综合评价与分类比较;采用多元线性回归方法,分析了沙产业发展与环境、经济之间的相互关系。研究结果表明:在对经济影响方面,沙产业发展能够轻微改善环境,显著拉动经济;在沙产业发展格局方面,存在"北强南弱"、均衡性不足的问题;在分析沙产业前期发展现状方面,存在"挤出效应"、效益未充分体现的问题;在对比南北疆发展现状方面,存在北疆沙产业发展赶超南疆、后发优势明显的现象。并针对性提出具体的政策建议,即从应对区域发展均衡性不足方面,因地制宜,发展特色沙产业;从削弱"挤出效应"方面,加大科技创新投入,合理规划投资规模;从促进沙产业区域发展方面,扩大北疆后发优势,谋求南疆先发效应。通过该文的研究,能够一定程度消除社会对新疆沙产业发展的认识误区,同时对策建议是基于现实存在的问题而提出的,在解决相关问题上具有一定的现实意义。     

全球化与民族文化的多样性探析

全球化是一个历史范畴,是世界各国各地区的经济、政治、文化等领域超越国界、扩大联系的历史进程和历史趋势。全球化加速了强势文化的扩张和弱势文化的萎缩,各种文化在融合的过程中趋同,全球化不断吞噬文化多元性。因此从对全球化、文化、文化的多样性及民族文化的概念界定,探析全球化对民族文化的影响及冲击。     

广西合山市煤矿废弃地植被现状调查与分析

通过实地踏查和样方法,调查了合山矿区废弃地的植被组成和自然演替情况。结果表明：该地自然定居植物共87种,隶属于39科61属。主要包括禾本科（14种）、菊科（11种）、豆科（10种）。全部定居植物中,草本植物48种,木本植物34种,藤本植物5种。在废弃早期样地,植被主要是一些单种斑块和小群落,这些小群落组成结构比较简单,物种多样性低,群落不稳定。在废弃时间相对较长的时间里,各样地植被的植物组成相对较丰富,野古草、画眉草、四脉金茅、巴芒、黄茅草、纤毛鸭嘴草、马唐、五节芒等可在煤矿废弃地上成功定植,并成为植被中的先锋种和优势种,可作为废弃地植被恢复治理的优先选用物种。废弃矿区植被具有由裸地→草丛→灌草丛→灌木林演替的趋势,并且随着废弃时间的增长,群落中物种丰富度增大,多样性指数呈增加趋势。在10~15年的废弃时间内群落可自然恢复,程度可以逐步达到相对稳定的灌草群丛。研究结果为矿山生态恢复提供了参考依据。     

Does participation in the sloping land conversion program reduce the sensitivity of Chinese farmers to climate change?

Over the last two decades, extensive literature has examined the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of China's Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP), a program that was launched in late 1990s to mitigate the environmental effects of agricultural production and reduce rural poverty. However, little empirical evidence exists with regard to the impact of SLCP on rural households' sensitivity to nature-induced changes and environmental challenges. In this study, household-level data covering the period 1995–2010 from five Chinese provinces were used to examine the effect of SLCP on farmers' sensitivity to climate change. The empirical results show that participation in SLCP significantly reduced farmers' sensitivity to climate change by reducing their dependency on land and natural resources for income, and by diversifying their livelihood options. Spatially, the results reveal that the effect of SLCP on farmers' sensitivity vary across regions. Specifically, SLCP was found to have a ‘rate effect’ on farmers in the Northern regions and a ‘level effect’ on farmers in the Southern regions. Likewise, we found that the effect of SLCP differs considerably across income groups, with the effect on low- and middle-income groups being most significant. The results indicate that subsidy is the main pathway through which SLCP reduces farmers' sensitivity to climate change. In contrast, we found inclusive evidence about the indirect effect of SLCP farmers' sensitivity through the promotion of non-agricultural employment. These results carry major implications with regard to the effectiveness of ecological conservation programs and their mitigation potential through building farmers' resilience in China and ecologically fragile environments.     

A meta-analysis of consumer ethnocentrism across 57 countries

The concept of consumer ethnocentrism was introduced more than 30 years ago, and since then it has received keen interest among academic researchers. However, empirical evidence in published studies has been inconclusive and many macro-drivers of consumer ethnocentrism received cursory attention. This study meta-analyses 240 studies from 57 countries and tries to understand the key drivers of consumer ethnocentrism. The results indicate that consumer ethnocentrism is a universal phenomenon and is driven by culture and the interaction of economic and ethnic diversity variables. Challenging popular beliefs, the findings suggest that neither globalization nor economic threats are unconditional drivers of consumer ethnocentrism. Their effects are conditional on cultural values and economic situation. Results provide evidence that multi-ethnic societies tend to be more consumer ethnocentric when the culture of a country is not strong in egalitarianism. Finally, the paper presents evidence that consumer ethnocentrism affects the imports of consumer goods in a country.     

Crop genetic diversity, farm productivity and the management of environmental risk in rainfed agriculture

This paper presents an assessment of the linkages between cropgenetic diversity, farm productivity and risk management. Aflexible moment-based approach is used to analyse the impactof crop genetic diversity on the mean, variance and skewnessof yield. Using farm-level data from Sicily (Italy), econometricevidence shows how crop genetic diversity can increase farmproductivity and reduce risk exposure. The empirical resultsindicate that crop genetic diversity can reduce variance, butonly if pesticide use is low. Furthermore, high diversity levelscan reduce downside risk exposure (e.g. the risk of crop failure).This provides useful insights on the linkages between resilienceand crop genetic diversity.