Aggregated analysis of in-depth accident causation data

Data collected from in-depth road accident investigations are very informative and may contain more than 500 accident-related variables for a single investigated case. These data may be used to get a more detailed knowledge on accident and injury causation associated with a specific accident scenario. However, due to their complexity, studies using in-depth data at aggregated levels are not common. The objective of this paper is to propose a methodology to analyse aggregated accident causation charts in order to highlight strong and weak relationships between crash causes and pre-crash scenarios. These relationships can be taken into account when developing or assessing new road safety measures (e.g. in-vehicle systems). The methodology has been applied to an in-depth accident dataset derived from the European project SafetyNet. Four different pre-crash scenarios associated with the accident scenario ‘vehicles encountering something while remaining in their lane’ have been investigated. Even if generalization of these results should be done with care because of database representativeness issues, the methodology is promising, highlighting, for example, a well-defined causation pattern related to vehicles striking a vehicle in rear-end accidents.     

水陆嵌套系统的旅游学价值

从旅游学和景观生态学的角度分析水陆嵌套系统的旅游学特性和效应，探讨了系统作为旅游开发的普遍意义和问题，并提出其旅游学价值的推论。     

Choice,chance, and inevitability in strategy

We propose a theory to manage the uneasy relation between strategic choice, chance, and determinism (or inevitability). To do so, we locate arguments in intellectual history that have a clear bearing on this relation. We introduce and defend four conjectures that outline the relationship between each of them and their comparative significance. The paper thus aims at achieving three objectives: (a) to articulate a philosophically sustainable theory of strategic choice that corroborates experience (without being induced by it); (b) to synthesize what remains one of the most sustained debates in strategy, namely the nature, role, and relation of choice, chance and determinism; and (c) to contribute to developing a foundation for multilevel research. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于多层面的企业社会责任行动实施动因的研究

企业是一个多层面系统，不同的因素会对其行为产生不同的影响，认识这些因素对于理解企业行动原因有一定帮助。基于此，文章从宏观环境、企业组织和管理者三个层面上分析了影响企业社会责任行动的因素。认为在这些影响因素共同作用下，企业开展社会责任行动存在不同的动因，并表现出不同的行动类型，这将有助于更好地理解该行动的实际意义。     

Veblen’s System of Conspicuous Waste

Abstract:

The touchstone by which Thorstein Veblen evaluated an expenditure was “whether it furthers the life process taken impersonally.” For Veblen, the economic problem involved the problem of social provisioning, the way a community provides for itself. To a large degree, social provisioning has been impeded by the system of conspicuous waste, a “scheme of properties, decencies, and standards of living, the economic motive of which is competitive spending.” The system of conspicuous waste represents a cultural unfolding of conspicuous waste, prompted by the introduction of continuous-mass production in the late nineteenth, early twentieth centuries. Conspicuous waste refers to the allocation of resources, time, and effort that detract from the life process. Veblen rejected the idea that the system of conspicuous waste benefits society. For Veblen, the standard of living refers to that level of consumption at which people are expected to consume. Products that prove serviceable, however, may also serve as symbols of invidiousness. Veblen used the system of conspicuous waste to compare the diverse cultural responses of England and Germany to the same technology in the early twentieth century. The system, however, plays a central role in absorbing increases in output and maintaining profits. Whether it can continue to do so remains questionable.     

基于Granger因果关系检验的居民储蓄影响因素分析

基于协整理论的因果关系研究,是现代计量经济学具有划时代意义的发展。本文通过因果关系来研究我国居民储蓄的影响因素,并对国内生产总值及利率对我国居民储蓄的影响因素进行了实证分析。     

安全系统工程在煤矿安全管理中的应用

对煤矿危险与有害因素进行了辨识,由事故致因理论出发找到构成煤矿安全系统的人、机、环境、管理四个要素。运用系统分析方法从人、机、环境、管理四个要素出发给出瓦斯、水、火、煤尘、顶板五种煤矿典型事故的事故树图。指出煤矿安全管理既包括安全技术管理也包括体制管理,引入安全系统工程使安全管理具有了整体化、综合化、科学化的特点。     

煤矿特别重大水害事故致因实证研究

以煤矿特别重大水害事故为研究对象,采取对比研究法,分析煤矿特别重大水害事故资料,比较不同时期和不同灾难级别煤矿水害事故的致因差异。研究表明煤矿特别重大水害事故发生有其内在规律;一般水害事故与特别重大水害事故的致因差异是导致特别重大水害事故发生的关键原因。基于研究结果,提出煤矿特别重大水害事故致因机理及预防措施,为煤矿重特大水害事故的有效预防提供了途径和方法。     

The scientific limits of understanding the (potential) relationship between complex social phenomena: the case of democracy and inequality

This paper outlines the methodological and empirical limitations of analysing the potential relationship between complex social phenomena such as democracy and inequality. It shows that the means to assess how they may be related is much more limited than recognised in the existing literature that is laden with contradictory hypotheses and findings. Better understanding our scientific limitations in studying this potential relationship is important for research and policy because many leading economists and other social scientists such as Acemoglu and Robinson mistakenly claim to identify causal linkages between inequality and democracy but at times still inform policy. In contrast to the existing literature, the paper argues that ‘structural’ or ‘causal’ mechanisms that may potentially link the distribution of economic wealth and different political regimes will remain unknown given reasons such as their highly complex and idiosyncratic characteristics, fundamental econometric constraints and analysis at the macro-level. Neither new data sources, different analysed time periods nor new data analysis techniques can resolve this question and provide robust, general conclusions about this potential relationship across countries. Researchers are thus restricted to exploring rough correlations over specific time periods and geographic contexts with imperfect data that are very limited for cross-country comparisons.     

浅谈国有燃气企业存在的主要问题、成因及对策

本文论述了国有燃气企业目前存在的主要问题及其成因,结合国有企业改制的大背景,提出了解决问题的措施。