市场竞争、竞争阶段与产业国际竞争力

波特等国外学者普遍认为,一个国家产业内的市场竞争能够提升该产业的国际竞争力,而本文通过我国彩电业的实证研究却得出了与此相反的结论。由此,本文以“竞争阶段”这一概念为基础,提出一个新的分析框架统一了上述两种不同的观点:市场竞争强度与产业国际竞争力之间存在着一个类似于倒U型的关系,最适的竞争强度应该出现在寡头阶段,我国与发达国家产业所处竞争阶段的不同造成了研究结论上的差异。现阶段我国产业多数处于分散型竞争状态,引导形成适度集中的寡头市场结构是有利于提高产业国际竞争力的正确政策选择。     

WTO与中国企业的品牌战略

随着市场经济的发展和中国加入WTO所面临的机遇和挑战 ,品牌战略在企业经营管理中的地位越来越重要。“质量是生命 ,品牌出效益” ,中国企业必须建立品牌战略来迎接国际市场竞争的挑战。     

中德反不正当竞争法之比较

德国是现代反不正当竞争法的发源地。 1 896年德国制定了世界上第一部专门的《反不正当竞争法》 ,后经若干次修订 ,至今仍对促进德国经济的发展起着举足轻重的作用 ;1 993年中国颁布第一部专门的竞争法律《反不正当竞争法》 ,至今已运行近 1 0年。比较两国在不正当竞争行为的概念和类型、适用除外制度、法律责任等方面的特点 ,给我们有益的启示 ,我国在完善《反不正当竞争法》的同时 ,应协调好与《反垄断法》的关系     

企业资本结构与产品市场竞争——一种新的理论视角

直到 2 0世纪 80年代 ,企业资本结构对产品市场竞争的影响才引起经济学家的广泛关注。对于这一问题的研究 ,存在着两种截然不同的理论结论 :一种观点认为企业债务水平的提高会使其在产品市场竞争中更为强硬 ,增强其竞争力 ;另一种观点则恰好相反。借鉴前人理论成果的基础上 ,尝试着提出了一种较为一般的分析框架 ,并将不同的理论成果作为这一分析框架的不同侧面。     

When Shopbots Meet Emails: Implications for Price Competition on the Internet

Quantitative Marketing and Economics - The Internet has dramatically reduced search costs for customers by using such technologies as shopbots. Email based targeting is relatively inexpensive; the...     

Brand competition in CPG industries: Sustaining large local advantages with little product differentiation

In direct competition between national brands of consumer packaged goods (CPG), one brand often has a large local share advantage over the other despite the similarity of the branded products. I present an explanation for these large and persistent advantages in the context of local competition on perceived quality or brand image. The main result of the analysis is a relation between varying degrees of product similarity and equilibrium outcomes of local share advantages. Namely, I find that asymmetric quality positioning and associated local share advantages emerge especially when competing brands are objectively similar. Conversely, local share asymmetries based on brand positioning occur less when brands are dissimilar. This paper provides two reinforcing intuitions for this result. First, if brands are objectively similar, different levels of investment in local quality perceptions co-exist in equilibrium in the same market, because this investment is often borne as fixed cost. Also, early movers will invest in high perceived quality, whereas late movers have less incentive to invest because of demand sharing and increased price competition. Second, if the local advantages are shared by competitors across markets, the persistence of these advantages is reinforced by multimarket contact. Even when local brand building is free, firms may not want to improve perceived quality in their “weak” markets if it initiates retaliation by the competition in their “strong” markets. The increase in multimarket profits from collusion is large when the products are similar, because price competition looms large.

Cooperation and Competition in the Context of Organic and Mechanic Worldviews – A Theoretical and Case based Discussion

In this study we argue that there is an interconnection between; the mechanistic worldview and competition, and the organic worldview and cooperation. To illustrate our main thesis we introduce two cases; first, Max Havelaar, a paradigmatic case of how business might function in an economy based upon solidarity and sustainability. Second, TINE, a Norwegian grocery corporation engaged in collusion in order to force a small competitor out of the market. On the one hand, in order to encourage market behaviour that integrates economic, societal and environmental values we find that transparent cooperation within a context of an organic worldview takes care of important intrinsic as well as instrumental values. On the other hand, we find evidence for asserting that cooperation based upon a mechanistic worldview, typically leads to group egotistical consequences undermining the long term common good.     

R&;D,International Trade and Creative Destruction—Empirical Findings from Finnish Manufacturing Industries*

The determinants of productivity-enhancing micro-level restructuring are examined empirically with a panel of the twelve Finnish manufacturing industries. It is hypothesized that R&D leads to productivity diversity among plants, which in turn leads to the gradual reshuffling of input shares in the presence of dynamic competitive pressure. The effect of the creative destruction on industry productivity growth is measured with the between-component of productivity decomposition. Econometric results indicate with reasonable robustness that R&D generates creative destruction with a lag of several years. Some evidence is found that imports stimulate productivity-enhancing restructuring, especially when domestic R&D is low.JEL classification: O12, 014, 019, O31, O47*This paper is based on the chapter 8 of my PhD thesis which has been accepted by the Helsinki School of Economics (2003). The research has received financial support from Tekes (the National Technology Agency), and from the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation. This paper has benefited from comments by Petri Böckerman, Pekka Ilmakunnas, Kabor Kezdi, and Petri Rouvinen, to whom I am grateful. I am also thankful to the referees for helpful comments. Lisa Roponen has checked my English. An earlier version of this paper has been presented at the EARIE 2002 conference in Madrid and at the Summer at CEU Workshop in Budapest in 2003. Data work and computations have been carried out at Statistics Finland, in accordance with the terms and conditions of confidentiality. I also wish to thank many individuals at Statistics Finland for their guidance regarding the properties of the data. Please contact the Research Laboratory of the Business Structures Unit, Statistics Finland, FIN-00022, Finland, for access to these data. The usual disclaimer applies.     

Asymmetric competition in retail store formats: Evaluating inter- and intra-format spatial effects

Our study aims to analyze the role of store format in retail competitive interactions, specifically, the relationship between growth, location strategy, and market response. To assess this relationship, we propose an extension of the classic models of spatial interaction, which incorporate the asymmetric competitive effects linked to the concept of store format. An empirical application allows us to confirm greater spatial rivalry within store formats (intra-format) than between store formats (inter-format). This implies a certain hierarchical organization when consumers select a retail store, first choosing the type of store at which they will shop and later a particular store within this format. The results are important for retailers who want to configure an optimal network of store locations as well as public administrators who must regulate commercial activity.     

零售商自有品牌及其竞争效应

目前,零售商开发自有品牌已经成为全球零售业发展的一个显著的特征。自有品牌有助于零售商驱除在位竞争对手或阻止潜在进入,同时也提高零售商在纵向竞争结构中的议价势力,并产生促进竞争效应和反竞争效应。