Prozessorientierte Planung und Kalkulation (kern-)produktbegleitender Dienstleistungen

Zusammenfassung  Die Bedeutung von Dienstleistungen nimmt volks- und betriebswirtschaftlich immer weiter zu. Die zunehmende Nachfrage führt jedoch in vielen F?llen dazu, dass die Dienstleistungen wenig systematisch und unreflektiert auf Nachfrage durch Kunden angeboten werden. Eine systematische Planung, Entwicklung und Kalkulation finden – im deutlichen Gegensatz zum physischen Produkt – nicht statt. Allerdings wird ein solches Vorgehen auch durch verschiedene Spezifika der Dienstleistungen erschwert. Der vorliegende Beitrag konzentriert sich auf (kern-)produktbegleitende Dienstleistungen und zeigt zun?chst wesentliche theoretische Grundlagen einer prozessorientierten Planung und Kalkulation auf. Basis stellt dabei eine Weiterentwicklung der Prozesskostenrechnung – das Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing – dar, das für produktbegleitende Dienstleistungen angepasst wird. Die Umsetzbarkeit und der praktische Nutzen der entwickelten prozessorientierten Planung und Kalkulation werden abschlie?end in einem Beispiel aus der Unternehmenspraxis dargestellt.      

An Economic Definition of the Middle Class

The concept of a middle class is prevalent in both common parlance and the social sciences; concern is frequently expressed that the middle class is shrinking, and politicians often position themselves as champions of the middle class. Yet the phrase “middle class” is extremely ambiguous; no consensus exists on either the upper bound or the lower bound separating the middle class from other classes. The present paper employs the government’s official poverty line as the demarcation between the poor and the middle class, and develops an equivalent distinction to separate the middle class from the wealthy. Based on the new definition, the paper provides some rough empirical estimates of the size of the American middle class over the 1989–2004 period.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SIMPLE X2 AND NEYMAN SMOOTH GOODNESS OF FIT TESTS

Suppose we wish to test whether data are consistent with a completely specified continuous distribution against a general alternative. Familiar omnibus tests are PEARSON'S X² test and NEYMAN'S smooth test. Fundamental problems in the application of these tests are the construction and number of classes to use for X², and the choice of the order of the NEYMAN smooth test. This paper examines these questions.     

论高校"两课"教学

从对思想教育史的反思和教育方针的基本要求及思想政治素质在素质教育中的位置的高度认识思想政治教育的重要性,是提高对"两课"教育重要性认识,增强"两课"教育自觉性的基础;转变教育理念,贴近实际,贴近生活,贴近学生,提高针对性和感染力,是提高"两课"教学效果的关键;实行教育与社会实践及班风建设相结合是促使书本知识向学生个人素质转化、提高"两课"教育效果的基本途径.     

The impact of employers' recruitment behaviour on the allocation of vacant jobs to unemployed job seekers

This paper is focused on the allocation of vacant jobs to job seekers from a demand side perspective by studying the recruitment behaviour of employers. A model is developed to analyze the role of search and selection methods of employers as determinants of the probability that an unemployed person will be hired for a certain type of job. In an empirical application for the Dutch labour market, we have examined the effect of employer's recruitment behaviour on the allocation of vacant jobs to employed, unemployed and school-leaving job seekers.We find that job requirements for the applicants with respect to work experience are the most important determinant of the probability that an unemployed person will be selected to fill a vacant job. In addition, the use of advertisements by employers for jobs requiring high skill levels does also have a significant effect.     

审计师的异质性和审计质量差异:文献综述及启示

审计师的异质性和审计质量差异是中外学者研究的焦点问题。中国独立审计行业监管部门也着力推进审计师异质化以促进审计质量的提高。本文从审计师规模与审计质量、审计师行业专长与审计质量、大型事务所分支机构与审计质量的角度回顾了西方相关研究文献,并对国内相关研究结果和状况作了简单总结。最后提出了应该继续研究的领域和建议。     

Bertrand vs. Cournot equilibrium with risk averse firms and cost uncertainty

Summary. In an oligopoly game with cost uncertainty and risk averse firms, we show that Bertrand and Cournot equilibrium have different convergence properties when the market is replicated. The Cournot equilibrium price converges to the competitive price. Under very typical and somewhat general conditions, the highest Bertrand equilibrium price converges to one higher than the competitive equilibrium. We also give examples to show how to compute the limit of the highest Bertrand equilibrium prices and illustrate the ideas of the proof. We explore conditions under which the supply curve is upward sloping, a useful condition for our results. Received: April 20, 2000; revised version: May 10, 2001     

A Discussion of “Using Angler Characteristics and Attitudinal Data to Identify Environmental Preference Classes: A Latent-Class Model”

In the current issue of Environmental and Resource Economics, Morey et al. (2006) discuss a new approach to using attitudinal data in latent class modeling. We compare this approach with the one taken in Boxall and Adamowicz (2002), in the context of a discrete choice, random utility framework with heterogeneous preferences. We derive the respective likelihood functions of the two approaches to show that they are structurally similar, and discuss their implications for the use of attitudinal data. We conclude with a discussion comparing the relative merits of latent class and random parameters (mixed logit) modeling, offering the view that as a practical matter, choosing between them depends on the analyst’s judgment about the correlation of preference parameters.