从“其他绿地”到“区域绿地”： 城市非建设用地下的绿地规划转型 与优化

新版《城市绿地分类标准》(CJJ/T 85—2017)以“区域绿地”代替“其他绿地”，这为城市非建设用地下绿地的保护利用提出了新的要求和目标。解读新标准指导下城市非建设用地中的绿地建设发展要求并进行科学合理的规划，是响应当前城市绿色发展新形势和满足人民日益增长的美好生活新需求所面临的重要课题之一。聚焦从“其他绿地”到“区域绿地”的分类调整，分析新标准下区域绿地的内涵和特征。以河北省承德市为例，结合城乡发展需求，阐述区域绿地规划的核心转型思路。并从目标、内容、方法和评价等方面，论述区域绿地设定下城市非建设用地中绿地规划的具体内容和方向。最后从空间政策、发展引导、部门合作和大众参与等方面，提出了规划实施保障优化的策略。以“区域绿地”的解读为源，聚焦当前城市建设用地内外绿地规划建设割裂的现状问题，提出区域绿地规划的转型优化措施和实践经验，以期为新时代中国城市绿色空间的拓展与优化提供参考。     

Evaluating drug cost per responder and number needed to treat associated with lixisenatide on top of glargine when compared to rapid-acting insulin intensification regimens on top of glargine,in patients with type 2 diabetes in the UK,Italy, and Spain

Objectives: This study investigated the cost per responder and number needed to treat (NNT) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients for lixisenatide compared to insulin intensification regimens using composite endpoints in the UK, Italy, and Spain.

Methods: Efficacy and safety outcomes were obtained from GetGoal Duo-2, a 26-week phase 3 trial comparing lixisenatide vs insulin glulisine (IG) once daily (QD) and three times daily (TID). Response at week 26 was extrapolated to 52 weeks, assuming a maintained treatment effect, based on long-term evidence in other T2DM populations. Responders were defined using composite end-points, based on an HbA1c threshold and/or no weight gain and/or no hypoglycemia. The HbA1c threshold was varied in sensitivity analyses. Annual treatment costs were estimated in euros (1 GBP?=?1.26 EUR), including drug acquisition and resource use costs. Cost per responder was computed by dividing annual treatment costs per patient by the proportion of responders.

Results: Lixisenatide was associated with the lowest cost per responder for all composite end-points that included a weight-related component. For the main composite end-point of HbA1c ≤7.5% AND no weight gain AND no symptomatic hypoglycemia, cost per responder results were: UK: 6,867€, 8,746€, and 12,410€; Italy: 7,057€, 9,160€, and 12,844€; Spain: 8,370€, 11,365€, and 17,038€, for lixisenatide, IG QD, and TID, respectively. The NNT analysis showed that, for every 6.85 and 5.86 patients treated with lixisenatide, there was approximately one additional responder compared to IG QD and TID, respectively.

Limitations: A limitation of the clinical inputs is the lack of 52-week trial data from GetGoal Duo-2, which led to the assumption of a maintained treatment effect from week 26 to 52.

Conclusions: This analysis suggests lixisenatide is an efficient economic resource allocation in the UK, Italy, and Spain.     

我国生态旅游中生态税收之体系建构

本文在文献资料搜集和实地调查的基础上探讨了我国生态旅游中的生态税收问题.从生态旅游的概念及其发展入手,提出了较完整的生态旅游定义,并分析了生态旅游的理论体系.生态旅游中的生态税收应当.为我国生态旅游业开发战略服务,保护和改善生态环境应当作为旅游中税收政策选择的切入点,本文正是基于这一点来探讨生态税收的体系建构问题.     

Promoting entry of high-quality workers through US immigration policy

We examine how US immigrants would be affected by applying a simple point system for admission, as Canada does. Since US immigration policy emphasizes family reunification, immigrants have lower education and earnings than natives, with unauthorized immigrants’ education below legal ones. Using American Community Survey data, and Center for Migration Studies data, which allows us to distinguish legal from unauthorized immigrants, we examine the effects of requiring immigrants to meet 2 of 3 conditions: (1) a high school or college degree, (2) being less than 40 years old and (3) working in a professional occupation, while admitting the same numbers of immigrants. This policy changes the source countries of immigrants and there are large positive effects on immigrant earnings. Immigrants’ use of government transfer programs is reduced to below natives and income inequality falls. Finally, with existing policy, immigrant earnings growth is not enough to overtake natives given immigrants’ entering earnings disadvantage. With this point system, immigrants start at a higher level and surpass natives relatively quickly.     

“汇改”后人民币汇率制度分析

自2005年7月21日人民币汇率形成机制进行重大改革以来,人民币对美元的基准汇率一直处于单边升值的态势.从宏观经济特征和模型实证分析中可以得出,虽然"汇改"后人民币货币篮子发挥了一定的作用,人民币汇率的灵活性在逐渐增强,但主要还是参考美元汇率来进行调节,属于"软钉住美元的汇率制度".     

风险投资融合高新技术的转让体系研究

本文提出了利用我国高新技术产业开发区、科技企业孵化器的集聚环境,建设直接服务于促进风险投资与高新技术双方融合的技术转让体系的思路。即将各园区的信息、技术产权交易连通,先区域后全国。针对风险投资几乎可进入所有的技术领域的现实,对供应性产品与服务、应用性产品与服务、复杂系统产品与服务、科学前沿产品与服务等不同的领域,提出了不同的风险投资刺激政策和技术转让服务重点。     

建立健全社会保障体系的思考

建立健全社会保障体系,是社会稳定和国家长治久安的重要保证,是全面建设小康社会的必然要求,也是实践”三个代表”重要思想的充分体现。文章分析了建立健全社会保障体系的必要性,指出了我国社会保障体系存在的问题,提出了建立健全社会保障体系的对策建议。     

对南北战争前美国股份制经济的历史考察

在美国，从国家独立到走向繁荣的进程中，股份经济起着十分重要的作用。其股份经济最早产生于17世纪初，它从英国移植而来，为美国提供了现成的企业组织形式。18世纪中后期，一些州政府对有限责任的许可，推动了美国股份经济的初步发展，19世纪30年代到南北战争前发生的以铁路建设大发展为标志的交通运输业革命，导致了美国历史上股份经济发展的第一个高潮，它为南北战争后美国经济迈入世界工业化强国奠定了基础。     

建构高校“原理”课程教学体系应遵循的几个原则

高校思想政治理论课"05方案"实施以来,怎样将教材优势转化为教学优势,一直是广大思想政治理论课教师探讨的问题。该文提出的建构"原理"("马克思主义基本原理概论"简称)课程教学体系应遵循教材体系所体现的马克思主义基本原理整体性原则、突出重点原则和理论联系实际原则,既符合中央对"马克思主义基本原理概论"课教学的要求,也符合"原理"教材的本真精神,对于把"原理"课程教材优势转化为"原理"课程教学优势是一个有益的探索。     

我国生态退耕工程的政策保障体系研究

生态退耕工程从1999年试点实施以来,取得了显著成绩,但同时政策体系本身的缺陷和贯彻实施中的问题也逐渐显现出来。在目前我国退耕政策正处于面临质疑与挑战的关键时期,加快完善相关的政策保障体系,对于确保生态退耕工程的顺利完成和最终目标的全面实现具有极其重要的意义。本文通过对西部退耕工作中现存主要问题的剖析,综合得出为保证退耕工程顺利实施,西部生态退耕政策保障体系所应具有的内涵和框架体系,以求为国家制定更为完善的生态退耕政策提供合理建议和科学依据。