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101.
I find that self-selection into teacher training programs in Germany is co-determined with ideology. Incoming teacher-trainees are more left-wing in ideology and political preferences than the average incoming university student. I find also that teacher training programs exert a socialization effect: as compared to the average student, teacher trainees’ views are reinforced and they become more left-wing as they progress in their studies. In a third step, I use the German Socio-Economic Panel to compare tenured teachers’ political attitudes with other university graduates and other civil servants, and find that tenured teachers are more left-wing than the average in the respective reference groups. I consider possible explanations for the left-wing orientation of teachers in the German educational system and implications of indoctrination and imbalance of views. 相似文献
102.
C. S. Agnes Cheng Xiaohui Li Jing Xie Yuxiang Zhong 《Journal of Business Finance & Accounting》2023,50(9-10):1943-1983
We examine the peer effects of accounting conservatism in a common dedicated institutional blockholder (CDIB) setting. We find a positive correlation in accounting conservatism between focal firms and their CDIB peers. To corroborate our main findings, we document that the peer effect is stronger for firms connected through CDIBs that are activists or that have more active shares, for firms with larger CDIB ownership and for firms with weaker corporate governance mechanisms and higher information asymmetry. The results suggest that managers view following peer firms’ conservatism as a way of pleasing CDIBs. We also find that in proxy voting, firms receive less support from their investors when their conservatism deviates more from their CDIB peers. Finally, we find that the CDIB peer effect remains significant after controlling for the effect of industry and local peers. Overall, our paper presents evidence consistent with firms adapting their accounting conservatism in response to their incumbent dedicated institutional investors’ preference. 相似文献
103.
This paper quantifies the notion of greed, and explores its connection with leverage and potential losses, in the context of a continuous‐time behavioral portfolio choice model under (cumulative) prospect theory. We argue that the reference point can serve as the critical parameter in defining greed. An asymptotic analysis on optimal trading behaviors when the pricing kernel is lognormal and the S‐shaped utility function is a two‐piece CRRA shows that both the level of leverage and the magnitude of potential losses will grow unbounded if the greed grows uncontrolled. However, the probability of ending with gains does not diminish to zero even as the greed approaches infinity. This explains why a sufficiently greedy behavioral agent, despite the risk of catastrophic losses, is still willing to gamble on potential gains because they have a positive probability of occurrence whereas the corresponding rewards are huge. As a result, an effective way to contain human greed, from a regulatory point of view, is to impose a priori bounds on leverage and/or potential losses. 相似文献
104.
We find that cumulative abnormal returns adjusted by size, book-to-market, and momentum around the earnings announcement date (DGTW_CAR3 hereafter) significantly and positively predict stock returns in the 6-month period from May 2005 to October 2020 in the China's A-shares market. The monthly equally-weighted DGTW_CAR3 premiums are 0.47% and 0.67% after risk adjustment. Although stock price delay fails to fully account for the DGTW_CAR3 premium, we find that the DGTW_CAR3 premium is more significant for illiquid stocks and during periods with high investor sentiment. This result suggests that market inefficiency explains the DGTW_CAR3 premium. Further analysis shows that, in addition to earnings information, the optimism reflected in the management discussion and analysis section of the annual or half-year report also contributes to the DGTW_CAR3 premium. This finding implies that DGTW_CAR3 may contain new fundamental information that correlates significantly and positively with future stock performance. Finally, we find that the institutional ownership change of a stock associated with DGTW_CAR3 also significantly and positively predicts the stock's return, suggesting that institutional investors adjust their holdings according to DGTW_CAR3 and consequently influence the demand for the stock in the China's A-shares market. 相似文献
105.
In the context of accelerated life testing, a step-stress model allows for testing under different conditions at various intermediate stages of the experiment. The goal is to develop inference for the mean lifetime at each stress level. The maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) exist only when some (at least one) failures are observed at each stress level. This limitation can be tackled by a multi-sample step-stress model, which imposes a weaker condition for the existence of the MLEs, i.e. at each stress level, some failures (at least one) must be observed in at least one of the samples. The step-stress experiment with multiple samples at the same stress levels was introduced by Kateri et al. ( Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 139 , 2009a ). In this article, we focus on the likelihood inference under such a multi-sample set-up for the case of a simple step-stress experiment under exponentially distributed lifetimes when time constraints are in place in the experimentation. 相似文献
106.
We study the effect of a change in electoral rules on political competition, measured by the number of candidates and their political experience. We explore the effects of a change in legislation, introduced a year before the gubernatorial elections in Peru on the number of parties that participated in these elections. We also investigate how the legislative change affected the political experience of the candidates. Given that the legislative change did not apply to elections for provincial mayors, we use those elections as a control group, in a difference-in-differences design. Our estimates show the number of parties registered increased by a margin of around 2.2 after the legislative change. The change also increased the candidates' years of accumulated political experience, particularly in the subsequent gubernatorial elections. 相似文献
107.
公司章程规定事项的范围渐渐扩大,使得公司章程对公司治理做出合乎个案的安排,从而保证公司治理的针对性、公平性和效率性,确保公司的有效运行.通过对累积投票制相关问题的分析,探讨公司章程在公司治理中的作用:一是章程规定事项的扩张,使得公司治理在更大范围内享有自主权,具有更强的灵活性;二是在法律允许的范围之内,累积投票制以及减损累积投票制的相关制度设计,都可以在章程中有所体现.因此,通过对章规规定事项的取舍和选择,可以实现具体情境下的公司治理目的. 相似文献
108.
For a rather general class of risk-reserve processes, we provide an exact method for calculating different kinds of ruin probabilities, with particular emphasis on variations over Parisian type of ruin. The risk-reserve processes under consideration have, in general, dependent phase-type distributed claim sizes and inter-arrivals times, whereas the movement between claims can either be linear or follow a Brownian motion with linear drift. For such processes, we provide explicit formulae for classical, Parisian and cumulative Parisian types of ruin (for both finite and infinite time horizons) when the clocks are phase-type distributed. An erlangization scheme provides an efficient algorithmic methods for calculating the aforementioned ruin probabilities with deterministic clocks. Special attention is drawn to the construction of specific dependency structures, and we provide a number of numerical examples to study its effect on probabilities. 相似文献
109.
Demetrios L. Antzoulakos Stathis Chadjiconstantinidis 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2013,2013(3):161-188
Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the t-th order cumulative distribution function and the t-th order tail probability of compound mixed Poisson distributions in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. Also, some general results are derived for the evaluation of the t-th order moments of stop-loss transforms. The recursions can be applied for the exact evaluation of the probability function, distribution function, tail probability and stop-loss premium of compound mixed Poisson distributions and the corresponding mixed Poisson distributions. Several examples are also presented. 相似文献
110.
在强制规则下,披露非标准内部控制审计意见的公司数量在增加,但这些非标准内控审计意见是否具有信息含量有待检验。基于有效市场假说,以2011—2014年沪深两市A股上市公司为研究对象,运用事项研究方法实证考察非标准内部控制审计意见类型的上市公司披露内控审计报告之后的市场反应,同时实证回归不同类型非标准内控审计意见与市场反应之间的关系,结果显示：被出具非标准内部控制审计意见的上市公司,在内部控制报告披露之后的短期窗口之内具有负的累计超额收益率,但是无保留带强调项与保留意见、无法表示意见的市场反应区别不大。这表明内部控制审计意见具有价值相关性,有利于督促管理层加强内部控制建设,但是内部控制审计质量需要进一步提高。 相似文献