创业投资企业优惠政策的思考

本公司位于高新技术产业开发区,是一家具有一般纳税人资格的生产销售企业,由公司出资设立一家创业投资企业,公司100%控股;收购公司持有的GN公司30%和JX公司31.82%的股份,而GN公司为高新技术企业且未上市;有效的运用我国执行的创业投资企业税收优惠政策:创业投资公司投资于未上市中小高新技术企业2年以上(含2年),可按其对中小高新技术企业投资额的70%抵扣该创业投资企业的应纳税所得额;符合条件的居民企业之间的股息、红利等权益性投资收益为免税收入;可以增加公司的税后收益。取得降低公司整体税负的效果。     

基于提升国防科技工业自主创新能力的认识和思考

自主创新能力是国防科技工业建设与发展的战略基点。基于我国国防科技工业面临的形势与任务,提升其自主创新能力已成为当前我国国防科技工业建设与发展的重要内容。围绕国防科技工业自主创新能力的提升,从三个方面论述了政府应采取的举措。     

论传统文化与国防精神

传统文化和国防精神具有深刻的内涵。它们之间存在着必然联系,传统文化对国防精神产生着正、负两个方面的影响。     

加强高校的国防教育是培养高素质人才的必然要求

国防是国家生存发展的安全保障,高校是培养高素质人才的重要基地,国防教育是素质教育的重要内容,国防素质是高素质人才应有的素质,加强高校国防教育是培养高素质人才的必然要求。     

台湾地区的税制改革及评析

20世纪90年代以来,台湾地区财政状况不断恶化,迫使台湾地区政府从2003年开始推行一系列的税制改革。本文对20世纪90年代以来台湾地区的财政状况做了介绍,之后对台湾地区从2003年开始的税制改革进行了评析。     

人口老龄化进程中养老保障的消费增进效应——基于CHARLS数据的研究

利用2013年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据中的8355个家庭数据,在控制家庭人口特征和家庭经济能力的情况下,分别从家庭消费水平和家庭消费结构两方面考察人口老龄化进程中养老保障对家庭消费的影响。结果显示:养老负担会使家庭人均消费支出明显下降,但是医疗保健方面的消费支出占比会显著提高;参加养老保障会显著提高家庭的人均消费支出,尤其是无养老负担家庭会减少对未来养老的预防性储蓄而增加当期消费,养老保障的消费增进效应明显,但是有养老保障家庭的各项消费支出占比则没有显著的提高或下降。这充分说明养老负担是家庭消费水平难以提高的重要因素,而养老保障是刺激人口老龄化进程中消费增长的有力手段。     

Economic burden of hypoglycemia: Utilization of emergency department and outpatient services in the United States (2005–2009)

Objective: To estimate the economic burden of hypoglycemia on the healthcare system at the national level in the US between the years of 2005–2009.

Methods: This study analyzed the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), including emergency department (ED) and outpatient department (OPD) components, and the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). The annual rates of ED and OPD visits associated with hypoglycemia were reported. Subsequent medical services after disposition were studied. The unit cost of specific medical service was estimated from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). All annualized costs were adjusted to US 2009 dollars. We also estimated the rates of injury and ambulance use incurring within a visit for hypoglycemia.

Results: The total direct medical cost of hypoglycemia was estimated as $3.49 billion in 2005 and decreased gradually to $1.84 billion in 2009. The declining trend was correlated with hospital admissions from ED, which decreased from 170 665 in 2005 to 71,751 in 2009. Consequently, the estimated annual expenditure of hospitalization for hypoglycemia from ED declined over time by more than half ($2.90 billion in 2005, $1.25 billion in 2009). Injury was reported among 9.5% of the ED visits for hypoglycemia. Ambulances were used among 58% of the ED visits for hypoglycemia.

Conclusion: Hypoglycemia poses a significant burden on the healthcare system; however, annual direct medical cost of severe hypoglycemia in the US decreased over the 5 years studied, which is attributable to tremendous decrease in need of hospitalization following an ED visit.     

Annual patient and caregiver burden of oncology clinic visits for granulocyte-colony stimulating factor therapy in the US

Objective:

Prophylactic treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factors (G-CSFs) is indicated for chemotherapy patients with a significant risk of febrile neutropenia. This study estimates the annual economic burden on patients and caregivers of clinic visits for prophylactic G-CSF injections in the US.

Methods:

Annual clinic visits for prophylactic G-CSF injections (all cancers) were estimated from national cancer incidence, chemotherapy treatment and G-CSF utilization data, and G-CSF sales and pricing information. Patient travel times, plus time spent in the clinic, were estimated from patient survey responses collected during a large prospective cohort study (the Prospective Study of the Relationship between Chemotherapy Dose Intensity and Mortality in Early-Stage (I–III) Breast Cancer Patients). Economic models were created to estimate travel costs, patient co-pays and the economic value of time spent by patients and caregivers in G-CSF clinic visits.

Results:

Estimated total clinic visits for prophylactic G-CSF injections in the US were 1.713 million for 2015. Mean (SD) travel time per visit was 62 (50) min; mean (SD) time in the clinic was 41 (68) min. Total annual time for travel to and from the clinic, plus time at the clinic, is estimated at 4.9 million hours, with patient and caregiver time valued at $91.8 million ($228 per patient). The estimated cumulative annual travel distance for G-CSF visits is 60.2 million miles, with a total transportation cost of $28.9 million ($72 per patient). Estimated patient co-pays were $61.1 million, ～$36 per visit, $152 per patient. The total yearly economic impact on patients and caregivers is $182 million, ～$450 per patient.

Limitations:

Data to support model parameters were limited. Study estimates are sensitive to the assumptions used.

Conclusions:

The burden of clinic visits for G-CSF therapy is a significant addition to the total economic burden borne by cancer patients and their families.     

Efficiency Defense in EU and US Horizontal Merger Control if Costs are Endogenous

If fixed costs are endogenous, following from profit maximization, horizontal mergers are always profitable. They cause the price to rise and consumer surplus to decrease. A case of horizontal merger in which, according to the requirement of US and EU Merger Guidelines for an efficiency defense to be acceptable, the price declines or remains constant does not exist and therefore cannot be expected by profit maximizing partners to arise following a merger. Merger control should be guided by focusing on total welfare. Permitting cooperation in R&D, although profitable, is likely to be detrimental to welfare.     

企业分担了地方政府的财政压力吗? —基于出口退税分担机制改革的经验研究

分税制改革形成了新的财政集权,地方政府是否会将财政压力转移到企业身上,提高企业税收负担？以2004年出口退税分担机制改革为外生政策变化,使用1998-2009年工业企业数据库,利用双重差分法研究了财政压力与企业税负关系。研究发现;(1)出口退税分担机制改革后,地方政府财政压力增大,位于出口大省的企业实际税负显著上升,这说明当地企业分担了地方政府的财政压力;(2)进一步研究表明,国有企业税负提高最多,外资企业次之,私营企业最小;(3)相对于非出口企业,从事出口贸易的企业承担了更多的税负。各级政府应该完善转移支付制度,缓解地方企业因财政压力导致的税负高企。