高校国防教育中大学生抢险救灾意识与能力的培养

本文从我国当前所处的国际、国内政治环境以及"国家安全"的关注点出发,阐述了我国高校国防教育中加强大学生抢险救灾意识与能力培养的必要性与现实性,并简要分析了加强大学生抢险救灾意识与能力培养应注意的几个问题。     

高等教育负担的城乡比较研究

我国经济的高速发展没有带来农村家庭收入的相应增加。高等教育收费对城乡家庭造成不同程度的负担,实际生均学杂费和家庭收入的比较更能反映这一差距。无论是城乡比较还是国际比较,我国农村家庭高等教育负担都十分沉重。基于我国二元经济格局的国情,必须减轻农村家庭高等教育负担,促进社会公平。     

信息系统的网络安全管理与维护

任何信息系统正常稳定的运行都离不开工作人员及时的维护和管理,除了对硬件设施的管理,软件的管理更为突出重要。现在信息网络基本遍及了社会生活的各个系统和部门,其安全性是不能忽视的,因此,文章对网络设备的维护和软件管理做了简要介绍。     

高职院校“三位一体”国防教育模式探究

国防教育作为大学生综合素质培养的重要内容,正日益受到各类高等院校的重视。当前高职院校中的国防教育仍然存在着重视军训、轻视课堂、随机活动的情况,不利于大学生国防教育发展,只有将第一课堂军事理论教学、新生军事技能训练和第二课堂的国防教育活动有机结合,采用多种途径不断拓展新形式,才能满足新形势下高职大学生国防教育的需要。     

我国与不同类型国家企业总税率比较与启示

作为以间接税为主体税的中高收入国家,我国的企业“总税率”高于以间接税为主和以直接税为主的OECD国家,且不但高于高收入国家和中高收入国家的平均水平,也高于中低收入国家和低收入国家的平均水平。我国企业“总税率”偏高,原因在于“劳动税税率”和“其他税税率”较高。我国税制结构由以间接税为主向以直接税为主转变,但不应通过增加企业的直接税来实现;要有效降低我国企业的“总税率”,必须切实降低企业的“劳动税税率”和“其他税税率”。     

The economic burden of common adverse events associated with metastatic colorectal cancer treatment in the United States

Aims: Adverse events (AEs) associated with treatments for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) may compromise the course of treatment, impact quality-of-life, and increase healthcare resource utilization. This study assessed the direct healthcare costs of common AEs among mCRC patients in the US.

Methods: Adult mCRC patients treated with chemotherapy or targeted therapies were identified from administrative claims databases (2009–2014). Up to the first three mCRC treatment episodes per patient were considered and categorized as with or without the AE system/organ category during the episode. Total healthcare costs (2014 USD) were measured by treatment episode and reported on a monthly basis. Treatment episodes with the AE category were matched by treatment type and line of treatment to those without the AE category. Adjusted total cost differences were estimated by comparing costs during treatment episodes with vs without the AE category using multivariate regression models; p-values were estimated with bootstrap.

Results: A total of 4158 patients with ≥1 mCRC treatment episode were included (mean age?=?59 years; 58% male; 60% with liver and 14% with lung metastases; 2,261 [54%] with a second and 1,115 [27%] with a third episode). On average, two treatment episodes were observed per patient with an average length of 166 days per episode. Adjusted monthly total cost difference by AE category included hematologic ($1,480), respiratory ($1,253), endocrine/metabolic ($1,213), central nervous system (CNS; $1,136), and cardiovascular ($1,036; all p?Limitations: Claims do not include information on the cause of AEs, and potentially less severe AEs may not have been reported by the physician when billing the medical service. This study aimed to assess the association between costs and AEs and not the causation of AEs by treatment.

Conclusions: The most costly AEs among mCRC patients were hematologic, followed by respiratory, endocrine/metabolic, CNS, and cardiovascular.     

Economic burden of sarcoidosis in a commercially-insured population in the United States

Background: Sarcoidosis is a multi-system inflammatory disorder characterized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in involved organs. Patients with sarcoidosis have a reduced quality-of-life and are at an increased risk for several comorbidities. Little is known about the direct and indirect cost of sarcoidosis following the initial diagnosis.

Aims: To provide an estimate of the healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and costs borne by commercial payers for sarcoidosis patients in the US.

Methods: Patients with a first diagnosis of sarcoidosis between January 1, 1998 and March 31, 2015 (“index date”) were selected from a de-identified privately-insured administrative claims database. Sarcoidosis patients were required to have continuous health plan enrollment 12 months prior to and following their index dates. Propensity-score (1:1) matching of sarcoidosis patients with non-sarcoidosis controls was carried out based on a logistic regression of baseline characteristics. Burden of HCRU and work loss (disability days and medically-related absenteeism) were compared between the matched groups over the 12-month period following the index date (“outcome period”).

Results: A total of 7,119 sarcoidosis patients who met the selection criteria were matched with a control. Overall, commercial payers incurred $19,714 in mean total annual healthcare costs per sarcoidosis patient. The principle cost drivers were outpatient visits ($9,050 2015 USD, 46%) and inpatient admissions ($6,398, 32%). Relative to controls, sarcoidosis patients had $5,190 (36%) higher total healthcare costs ($19,714 vs $14,524; p?p?p?Background: Sarcoidosis is a multi-system inflammatory disorder characterized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in involved organs. Patients with sarcoidosis have a reduced quality-of-life and are at an increased risk for several comorbidities. Little is known about the direct and indirect cost of sarcoidosis following the initial diagnosis.

Aims: To provide an estimate of the healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and costs borne by commercial payers for sarcoidosis patients in the US.

Methods: Patients with a first diagnosis of sarcoidosis between January 1, 1998 and March 31, 2015 (“index date”) were selected from a de-identified privately-insured administrative claims database. Sarcoidosis patients were required to have continuous health plan enrollment 12 months prior to and following their index dates. Propensity-score (1:1) matching of sarcoidosis patients with non-sarcoidosis controls was carried out based on a logistic regression of baseline characteristics. Burden of HCRU and work loss (disability days and medically-related absenteeism) were compared between the matched groups over the 12-month period following the index date (“outcome period”).

Results: A total of 7,119 sarcoidosis patients who met the selection criteria were matched with a control. Overall, commercial payers incurred $19,714 in mean total annual healthcare costs per sarcoidosis patient. The principle cost drivers were outpatient visits ($9,050 2015 USD, 46%) and inpatient admissions ($6,398, 32%). Relative to controls, sarcoidosis patients had $5,190 (36%) higher total healthcare costs ($19,714 vs $14,524; p?<?0.001). Sarcoidosis patients also had significantly more work loss days (15.9 vs 11.3; p?<?0.001) and work loss costs ($3,288 vs $2,527; p?<?0.001) than matched controls. Sarcoidosis imposes an estimated total direct medical cost of $1.3–$8.7 billion to commercial payers, and an indirect cost of $0.2–$1.5 billion to commercial payers in work loss.

Conclusions: Sarcoidosis imposes a significant economic burden to payers in the first year following diagnosis.     

中国企业税负高低之谜:寻找合理的企业税负衡量标准

作者梳理了企业税负衡量标准的相关文献,运用微观经济学中的"死角损失"原理,观测中国近年来的广义宏观税费负担,发现其依然处于偏高的水平上。尤其对于贡献绝大部分税费的企业来说,整体税负过重的倾向并无根本改观,其中非公经济的税负更是连年超过国有企业。在对企业税负的衡量中,作者采用了世界银行的总税率指标进行国际比较,同时在对企业实际税费负担的计算中以上市及非上市公司为代表,测算了企业销售利润率与税利率之间的变动关系,进而阐述中国税制所存在的问题,据此提出针对性较强的政策建议。     

我国企业税负“痛感”凸显之谜探析

近两年来我国企业税负"痛感"的凸显再次引发了社会各界对我国企业税负水平轻重的热议。基于各种数据、方法以及视角得出的多种结论纷至沓来、莫衷一是。文章从辨析企业税负的概念入手,说明由于受多种可比因素的限制,对企业税负水平进行国际间的横向比较得到的结论仅仅是一个事实判断而非价值判断。我国企业税负在近两年"痛感"凸显,是企业税负增加以及伴随着经济形势下行而来的产能过剩、职工工资总额上升以及税负转嫁困难等多种因素共同交织的结果。