国防支出与经济增长的关系研究——基于中国、日本、韩国的实证分析

文章使用Enders-Siklos不对称门槛共整合模型,检定中国、日本及韩国的经济增长与国防支出之间不对称的长期均衡关系,并以门槛误差修正模型(T-ECM)探讨三国的经济增长与国防支出之间领先-落后的因果关系,以及长期均衡关系调整的不对称性。经研究发现:第一,采用Enders-Siklos不对称门槛共整合检定,发现中国、韩国的经济增长与国防支出之间存在不对称的共整合关系,日本的经济增长与国防支出之间具有对称的共整合关系;第二,由Granger因果关系检定,发现韩国、中国的经济增长与其国防支出之间存在有不对称的长期性领先-落后关系,日本的经济增长与国防支出不存在长期性因果关系;第三,由Granger因果关系检定,发现中国的经济增长与国防支出之间存在短期的双向因果互动关系,而日本、韩国则是经济增长单向领先其国防支出。     

Impact of heart failure on hospital activity and healthcare costs in Belgium

Summary

Heart failure (HF) is a serious public health problem worldwide. It has a high prevalence, affects mainly the elderly and causes high mortality or disability with high economic costs. The aim of the present study was to calculate the number of admissions for HF, the total in-hospital stay, the mean length of in-hospital stay and the in-hospital costs due to HF in Belgium.

Retrospective analysis of data from the national hospital registration system provided the following results. In 2001, there were 19,398 admissions with HF as a primary diagnosis, with a total in-hospital stay of 286,938 days. The mean in-hospital stay for HF was 14.8 days. The total in-hospital cost of HF as a primary diagnosis was € 94,113,827, representing 1.8% of the total hospital expenditure.

The limitations of this study are its mere focus on admissions and their characteristics in 2001, and the use of a retrospective analysis. Nevertheless, it led to the conclusion that HF was responsible for a significant number of in-hospital days, with a significant impact on healthcare costs in Belgium.     

Food value chain transformations in developing countries: Selected hypotheses on nutritional implications

We examine how the transformation of food value chains (FVCs) influence the triple malnutrition burden (undernourishment, micronutrient deficiencies and over-nutrition) in developing countries. We propose a FVC typology (modern, traditional, modern-to-traditional, and traditional-to-modern) that takes into account the participants, the target market, and the products offered. Next, we propose selected hypotheses on the relationship between each FVC category and elements of the triple malnutrition burden. The primary finding is that the transformation of FVCs creates challenges and opportunities for nutrition in developing countries. For example, Modern FVCs may increase over-nutrition problems and alleviate micronutrient deficiencies for urban people with relatively high incomes. However, they have little nutritional impacts among rural residents and urban poor people, who primarily depend on traditional FVCs to access adequate quantities of calories and micronutrients. In addition, modern food manufacturers are leveraging traditional distribution networks (modern-to-traditional FVCs), substantially increasing access to low-priced processed/packaged foods in rural areas and low-income urban neighbors with mixed impacts on the triple burden of malnutrition. Further research should focus on the influence of FVC transformation on reduction of micronutrient deficiencies, on modeling demand substitution effects across food categories and the attendant policy implications for malnutrition.     

我国国防供给可持续发展状况分析

建国以来,我国国防建设与经济建设是否相协调是一个很值得研究的问题。本文从作为国防供给的国防费角度出发,运用统计方法进行了定量分析,从而对1952—2005年间的国防供给可持续发展状况做出了基本判断。     

A real-world analysis of healthcare costs and relative risk of hyperprolactinemia associated with antipsychotic treatments in the United States

Abstract

Aims: Antipsychotic medications are associated with an increased risk of hyperprolactinemia, but differ in their propensity to cause this complication. This study aimed to assess the economic burden of hyperprolactinemia, and to compare its risk among adult patients using atypical antipsychotics (AAs) with a mechanism of action associated with no/low vs high/moderate prolactin elevation.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study was based on US Commercial and Medicaid claims databases. Healthcare costs were compared between matched hyperprolactinemia and hyperprolactinemia-free cohorts using a two-part model. Risk of hyperprolactinemia was compared between patients receiving AAs with a mechanism of action associated with no/low (no/low prolactin elevation cohort) vs high/moderate prolactin elevation (high/moderate prolactin cohort) using logistic regression.

Results: In the commercially insured sample, compared to the hyperprolactinemia-free cohort (n?=?499), the hyperprolactinemia cohort (n?=?499) was associated with incremental total healthcare costs of $5,732 ($20,081 vs $14,349; p?=?.004), and incremental medical costs of $3,861 ($13,218 vs $9,357; p?=?.040), mainly driven by hyperprolactinemia-related costs. In the Medicaid-insured sample, compared to the hyperprolactinemia-free cohort, the hyperprolactinemia cohort was associated with incremental total healthcare costs of $10,773 ($30,763 vs $19,990; p?=?.004), and incremental medical costs of $9,246 ($20,859 vs $11,613; p?=?.004), mainly driven by hyperprolactinemia-related and mental health-related costs. The odds of hyperprolactinemia in the no/low prolactin elevation cohort were 4–5-times lower than that in the high/moderate prolactin elevation cohort (odds ratio =0.21; p?<?.001).

Limitations: Hyperprolactinemia may be under-reported in claims data.

Conclusions: Hyperprolactinemia is associated with substantial healthcare costs. AAs associated with no/low prolactin elevation reduce the risk of hyperprolactinemia by 4–5-times compared to AAs associated with moderate/high prolactin elevation. Treatment options with minimal impact on prolactin levels may contribute to reducing hyperprolactinemia burden in AA-treated patients.     

湖南省财政收入与区域经济增长的实证研究

财政收入与区域经济增长之间存在着相互促进、相互制约的关系.近年来湖南省经济增长与财政收人出现迅速增长的势头,但在全国而言优势并不明显.文章用计量模型分析了湖南财政收入与区域经济增长之间的关系,并提出若干优化财政收入的政策建议.     

重塑产权制度是国有地勘单位改制的关键

国有地勘单位改制的核心问题在于重塑产权制度。目前 ,国有地勘单位面临三大难题 ,即现有国有资产定价问题 ,债务负担问题和员工身份转变问题。解决这些问题的关键是构建产权制度 ,使地勘单位带资分流改制 ,解决地勘单位债务负担 ,并置换职工身份 ,实现产权多元化。为此 ,地勘单位领导和员工要转变观念 ,加强财务管理 ,对国有地勘单位进行股份制改造     

长江上游生态屏障建设的投入机制研究

长江上游生态屏障建设关系中下游地区的生态安全,因而,保障生态屏障建设质量至关重要。然而,长江上游生态屏障建设资金严重的供需失衡,直接影响生态屏障建设的质量。本文分析了长江上游生态屏障建设投入机制存在的主要问题及原因,提出了完善生态屏障建设投入机制的对策措施和政策建议。     

基于木材原料加工企业税收效应研究

选择与木材原料培育和加工密切相关的企业为研究对象,运用财务分析工具,从投资者利益角度分析现存制度下税收对企业投资获利能力的影响。揭示了企业税收负担来源,讨论了税收负担不均衡、税收制度性歧视以及政策目标混乱等问题。     

税制结构与经济增长——基于我国省级面板数据的实证研究

通过构建税制结构与经济增长关系的内生增长模型,使用我国分税制改革以来16年间30个省级单位的税制结构与经济增长的省级面板数据,在既定税负的情况下对二者之间的关系进行实证研究。结果表明：我国目前的税负水平没有对经济增长产生消极作用,但各税类、税种对经济增长的作用差异很大。就税类来说,财产税和流转税较利于经济的增长,而所得税和其它税不利于经济的增长;就税种来说,车船税和增值税最利于经济的增长,而城建税和个人所得税最不利于经济的增长。所以,即使在保持现有税负水平不变的条件下,也可通过优化税制结构来促进经济增长。