法经济学视野下的违约归责原则

法经济学分析表明,由于注意标准模糊,过失责任规则可能导致无效率和不公平的结果,违约归责应采用具有共同过失抗辩的严格责任规则.鉴于违约责任的特殊性,应利用可预见性规则和守约人减损义务规则,将守约人的过失限定在不适当地扩大违约损失这种特殊情况.这不仅可以避免违约人逃避责任的可能性,同时也避免了补偿悖论问题.     

省际亲贫式支出对国民幸福 水平影响的差异化研究

本文以公共财政学、新经济地理学、空间计量经济学为理论基础，引入地理空间因素，分析了2000-2010年亲贫式支出对国民幸福水平的省际影响。研究发现：空间溢出效应明显存在；本地区每增加1%亲贫式支出会带动国民幸福指数提升范围大致在02%~1%之间，邻近地区国民幸福指数提高1%会带动本地区国民幸福指数提升07%左右；空间计量模型估计效果优于最小二乘估计效果，空间滞后模型优于空间误差模型。新经济地理学理论能够提供我国各省市亲贫式支出与国民幸福指数集聚、差异及其形成原因的部分解释。     

Is Post-Communist Health Spending Unusual?

What factors determine a country's spending on health? And what factors determine the share of spending financed by the public sector? Taking these factors into account, is post-communist health spending unusual? For the OECD economies, we find that per capita health spending is strongly related to per capita income, with an elasticity of about 1.5. The elasticity for developing economies is close to one. Spending is also positively related to the elderly dependency rate, but the relationship is weaker than a static comparison of spending by the elderly and non-elderly would suggest. Even though health spending as a share of GDP in the post-communist countries of eastern and central Europe is below the OECD average, there is evidence of above normal health spending in most countries when we control for income and demographics. For Hungary, the ‘excess’ spending reached over three percentage points of GDP in 1994. For the OECD sample, four development indicators account for half the variation in the public sector share of total health spending. Political variables help explain the remainder. If the post-communist countries converge to the market economy pattern, the share of public financing will fall, yet still remain well above half.     

The Dynamics of Household Wealth Accumulation in Italy

We examine the dynamics of wealth accumulation distribution in Italy using data drawn from the Survey of Household Income and Wealth, a representative survey of the Italian population conducted by the Bank of Italy. We compare survey data with National Accounts data and discuss sample representativeness, attrition and measurement issues. We then look at wealth inequality (the cross‐sectional dispersion of wealth) and wealth mobility (individual transitions across the wealth distribution) and examine the age profile of wealth using repeated cross‐sectional data. Finally, we consider various explanations for the pattern of wealth accumulation in Italy, focusing on retirement, bequests, income risk, health shocks and credit market imperfections.     

试论边防部队新闻宣传的立体构建模式

边防部队要展现其威武之师、文明之师的良好形象,部队的新闻宣传工作必须着眼于回应公众的新期待,不断创新宣传形式,拓宽宣传渠道,构建立体传播模式,推动宣传工作社会化和效益化,大力培育和弘扬当代军人核心价值观,引导官兵对军人的价值取向、敬业精神产生认同感、归属感和自豪感,使边防队伍形成强大的凝聚力和向心力。     

中国国防支出的就业效应分析

本文研究了1978-2007年间中国国防支出对就业水平的影响,结果表明：（1）中国国防支出与就业水平之间存在长期的均衡关系;（2）长期来看,国防支出与就业水平之间存在双向格兰杰因果关系;（3）不论在长期还是在短期,中国的国防支出对就业水平都没有促进作用,可能的原因是我国国防支出的增加主要用于引进先进的军事技术、装备以及提高军人福利待遇上,从而对就业的影响很小。因此,我国国防支出应适当向军事领域的人力资本投入和军事科研经费投入上倾斜,这样可以加速国外先进技术和装备的本土化进程,进而加快军用技术的民用化,减少国防支出的＂挤出＂效应,从而实现国防开支与就业的良性循环。     

国防支出与经济增长的关系研究——基于中国、日本、韩国的实证分析

文章使用Enders-Siklos不对称门槛共整合模型,检定中国、日本及韩国的经济增长与国防支出之间不对称的长期均衡关系,并以门槛误差修正模型(T-ECM)探讨三国的经济增长与国防支出之间领先-落后的因果关系,以及长期均衡关系调整的不对称性。经研究发现:第一,采用Enders-Siklos不对称门槛共整合检定,发现中国、韩国的经济增长与国防支出之间存在不对称的共整合关系,日本的经济增长与国防支出之间具有对称的共整合关系;第二,由Granger因果关系检定,发现韩国、中国的经济增长与其国防支出之间存在有不对称的长期性领先-落后关系,日本的经济增长与国防支出不存在长期性因果关系;第三,由Granger因果关系检定,发现中国的经济增长与国防支出之间存在短期的双向因果互动关系,而日本、韩国则是经济增长单向领先其国防支出。     

Spatial and economic patterns in life expectancy among US States

This study investigates the determinants of gender-specific life expectancy across US states over the period 1995–2007. We employ a production function specification where life expectancy depends on health expenditure, income, education and lifestyle variables, allowing for spatial effects. Empirical results suggest that education attainment and health expenditure are the main factors behind improving longevity, whereas smoking bears a strong negative influence. For robustness purposes, we also use health spending as well as education criteria, apart from geographical ones to model interstate spillovers. In the former case, states with similar health expenditure are ‘neighbors’ and affect positively the life expectancy process. If education is applied instead of health spending together with geographic proximity, the spatial correlation is insignificant, i.e. education ‘neighbors’ do not affect life expectancy. Our findings do not imply significant gender differences regarding health production. The results suggest that health care policy will have to focus on wider economic and social considerations, like education and lifestyle changes, except medical care provision in order to exploit the full potential for life expectancy improvements of the US population.     

我国国防供给可持续发展状况分析

建国以来,我国国防建设与经济建设是否相协调是一个很值得研究的问题。本文从作为国防供给的国防费角度出发,运用统计方法进行了定量分析,从而对1952—2005年间的国防供给可持续发展状况做出了基本判断。