加强人防工程安全管理工作的探讨

国防工程发展建设至今,基本已经趋于健全,其包含万千,由众多部分组成。在国防工程的众多组成部分之中,对于城市以及民众具备有重要意义的人防工程就不可不提,其存在是将深埋地下的空间与资源进行最大化发掘及利用,从而做到与其他国防工程组成部分契合,实现立体化国防工程的建设发展。人防工程虽然不显于人前,但其重要性却无人可以忽略,其对于城市建设发展、民众生命利益保障奠定着坚实基础。     

New evidence on the historical growth of government in Europe: The role of labor costs

We document a robust positive correlation between the size of government and the labor share of income in data from European countries covering the period 1869–1975. Following Facchini et al. (2017), we interpret this correlation as evidence that labor costs drive public spending. The long-term increase in the labor share observed over this period explains half of the overall growth of central government. The relationship holds when the labor share is instrumented with movements in technological change at the frontier. When decomposing public spending, transfers, not intensive in labor, are the only component not associated with the labor share.     

国防支出对经济增长的外部性效应及规模效应的分析

本文采用两部门外部性模型,研究中国国防开支对经济增长的外部性效应及规模效应,利用1978-2008年时间序列数据进行了实证分析,并且与学术界1960-2000年的研究结果做了对比。1978-2008期间的实证研究结果表明:规模效应为负,外部性效应为正。     

基于区间数向量投影的主要防御方向选择

一种基于区间数向量投影的主要防御方向选择方法。针对评价指标属性和权重的区间数,构造正理想方案,计算各方案在正理想方案的投影值,根据投影值完成方案的排序优选。实例分析验证了其有效性和适用性。     

Do pensions foster education? An empirical perspective

The paper examines the effect of population ageing on public education spending. On the one hand, ageing is expected to have a negative effect on education, as an increasing number of retirees results in ‘intergenerational conflict’ and, hence, the condemnation of education expenditure. On the other hand, ageing, in combination with pay-as-you-go pension systems, offers incentives for the working-age generation to invest in the public education of the young in order to ‘reap’ the benefits (that is, higher income tax/contributions) of their greater future productivity. Empirical evidence derived from the application of a fixed effects approach to panel data for OECD countries shows that the increasing share of elderly people has a non-linear effect on education spending. This indicates a certain degree of intergenerational conflict. Nevertheless, we find that future population ageing, which reinforces the mechanism linking public education and pensions, reflects positively on education expenditure. Furthermore, by disaggregating total education expenditure by educational levels, we observe that this effect is led by levels of non-compulsory education, probably as a reflection of the direct connection to labor productivity.     

HOW CAN PUBLIC SPENDING HELP YOU GROW? AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Although many studies indicate that both the level and composition of public spending are significant for economic growth, the results in the empirical literature are mixed. This paper suggests that the country sample selection and expenditure classification are important in explaining these conflicting results. The empirical analysis shows that the link between growth and public spending, especially its core component, is strong only for countries with macroeconomic stability and fast GDP per capita growth dynamics, which are also capable of using public funds for productive purposes.     

Is Post-Communist Health Spending Unusual?

What factors determine a country's spending on health? And what factors determine the share of spending financed by the public sector? Taking these factors into account, is post-communist health spending unusual? For the OECD economies, we find that per capita health spending is strongly related to per capita income, with an elasticity of about 1.5. The elasticity for developing economies is close to one. Spending is also positively related to the elderly dependency rate, but the relationship is weaker than a static comparison of spending by the elderly and non-elderly would suggest. Even though health spending as a share of GDP in the post-communist countries of eastern and central Europe is below the OECD average, there is evidence of above normal health spending in most countries when we control for income and demographics. For Hungary, the ‘excess’ spending reached over three percentage points of GDP in 1994. For the OECD sample, four development indicators account for half the variation in the public sector share of total health spending. Political variables help explain the remainder. If the post-communist countries converge to the market economy pattern, the share of public financing will fall, yet still remain well above half.     

The Dynamics of Household Wealth Accumulation in Italy

We examine the dynamics of wealth accumulation distribution in Italy using data drawn from the Survey of Household Income and Wealth, a representative survey of the Italian population conducted by the Bank of Italy. We compare survey data with National Accounts data and discuss sample representativeness, attrition and measurement issues. We then look at wealth inequality (the cross‐sectional dispersion of wealth) and wealth mobility (individual transitions across the wealth distribution) and examine the age profile of wealth using repeated cross‐sectional data. Finally, we consider various explanations for the pattern of wealth accumulation in Italy, focusing on retirement, bequests, income risk, health shocks and credit market imperfections.     

我国国防供给可持续发展状况分析

建国以来,我国国防建设与经济建设是否相协调是一个很值得研究的问题。本文从作为国防供给的国防费角度出发,运用统计方法进行了定量分析,从而对1952—2005年间的国防供给可持续发展状况做出了基本判断。     

“城居保”对中国农村家庭消费支出异质性实证研究

[目的]全面分析城乡居民基本养老保险制度对农村家庭各项消费支出现状的影响,就进一步完善该项政策和稳定农村消费市场提供重要的理论参考。[方法]文章以消费和储蓄生命周期理论为分析框架,通过选取合理的样本面板数据,运用系统GMM回归分析方法探究了城乡居民基本养老保险制度对农村家庭消费支出水平的影响。[结果]财产性收入是影响农民参与城乡居民基本养老保险制度的主要因素以及投保档次的制约因素,作以存量财富为基础的财产性收入要比流量形式存在的财富具有更强抵御风险的能力,即财产性收入在很大程度上可以增加农村家庭对养老保险的依赖程度。另外,城乡居民基本养老保险制度对农村家庭消费能力表现出异质性影响。其中,城乡居民基本养老保险制度对农村家庭生活消费支出、食品性等日常性支出、文体消费支出水平明显要高于对医疗消费支出水平。[结论]国家要加大宣传城乡居民基本养老保险制度的积极和辐射作用,让广大农村家庭能够真正了解这项政策的意图。同时,要逐步破解城乡二元结构等制度性障碍,让更多农村家庭能够享受到与城镇居民相同的养老待遇。