松嫩平原北部黑土区水土资源平衡效应研究

研究目的:分析松嫩平原北部黑土区在土地利用和农业气候资源变化条件下的水土资源平衡效应。研究方法:在傅抱璞假设理论的基础上,通过拟合参数ω回归方程求得实际蒸散量,以此来构建水分盈亏模型,分析水土资源平衡效应。研究结果:(1)1985—2015年,松嫩平原北部土地利用表现为湿地面积大幅度减少,水田和旱地面积不断增加;潜在蒸散量和气温具有较为明显的变化趋势,气温以0.27℃/10 a上升,潜在蒸散量以5.15 mm/a下降;(2)经过拟合参数ω方程求得实际蒸散量可以有效反映土地利用状况、地貌特征和土壤属性;(3)1985—2015年间总体的水分亏缺率均值是0.25、0.2、0.31和0.13,而土地利用的影响使严重缺水面积逐年增加,其增加量是总面积的1.59%,约是原有面积的2倍。研究结论:基于傅抱璞理论改进的参数ω能够提高地区实际蒸散量的估算精度,对区域水土平衡评价具有重要意义,为实现区域资源合理利用提供指导。     

Ecotourism as a conservation tool and its adoption by private protected areas in Brazil

Ecotourism in private reserves combines the establishment of protected areas with an incentive mechanism to conserve biodiversity. Brazil's private reserve system is well-established but little is known about its links to tourism. This study puts the global private protected area into context and quantifies the extent to which ecotourism has been adopted as a sustainable land-use practice on private reserves in Brazil. Our findings demonstrate that small reserves do contribute to conservation and are used for ecotourism. The belief that large reserves are necessary for ecotourism and conservation is challenged. Only 4% (n = 45) of the 1182 reserves are engaged in ecotourism, mainly those within the Atlantic Forest biome and these are generally small in size (<50 ha). Reserves provide modest to basic accommodation as well as education and economic opportunities that include adjacent communities. Hiking and bird watching are the most popular activities but many reserves are threatened by poaching and invasive species. The low adoption of ecotourism appears due to a combination of factors, including lack of landowner interest, constraints imposed by regulations, logistics and anthropogenic threats. Nonetheless, there is potential to expand ecotourism within private reserves as 143 further private reserves are located near those already engaged in ecotourism.     

改革开放30年中国集体林发展趋势分析

通过集体林区改革开放以来各项政策、制度的变化,对森林资源、木材及木质产品供给、造林面积、营林投资、林业重点工程、林地生产力与利用率、农民收入、环境质量与经营发展之间的关系等多方面的绩效分析,指出:集体林区已经取代了东北国有林区,成为我国重要的木材及木质产品基地;但集体林区营林投资呈下降态势;林地生产力和林地利用率虽然提高,但仍处于较低水平;农民是林业生产的主体,但在林业生产中并没有得到较大的好处,在农户家庭收入中所占比重很低。研究表明,林业家庭经营形式并不十分适合中国集体林区,在一定程度上制约了集体林区的发展,尚需与时俱进地开展集体林产权制度改革,在产权清晰基础上,引导适度林地流转,促进规模经营,鼓励专业化经营。同时要对产品与服务市场、林业税费制度、采伐制度、生态效益补偿制度等协调配套改革,把集体林产权制度改革纳入到解决"三农"问题的大背景中加以解决。最后指出,产权的明确与清晰是集体林业发展的前提和必要条件,而不是全部。激励和竞争同样极其重要,建立相应的激励机制是保证我国集体林发展的充分条件。     

再谈社会主义新农村建设

“中国农村象非洲”、“共产党还要我们穷多久”,这两种声音应该成为推进新农村建设的强大动力。从传统农业发展模式转变到大农业发展模式是新农村建设成败的关键;县级领导的作用与县域经济的现状,关系到能否完成新农村建设的重大任务;应将山区作为新农村建设的主战场,把发展农村合作组织作为工作重点,要处理好农村工作中的点面关系,要把尊重自然规律摆到主导位置。     

南水北调中线工程水源地的生态安全与对策研究

南水北调中线工程是我国进行水资源优化调配,解决北方,尤其是京、津、冀地区资源性缺水的21世纪重大战略工程。丹江口水库汉江上游地区为水源地.由于其水土流失和局部水体污染严重,自然灾害频繁,中线工程的建设使得水源地生态环境的综合治理更为紧迫,因此维护水源地生态安全的重点在于水源地的综合治理,其关键是加大水源地生态建设的投入.并完善南水北调中线工程管理体制,加强立法体系的建设,抓紧生态环境综合治理和建设重点,尽快建立科学合理的生态补偿机制和绿色GDP核算体系.加大水源地生态安全相关课题的研究等政策建议。     

严寒地区预防EPS板外保温薄抹灰裂缝的对策与建议

针对严寒地区EPS板外保温薄抹灰裂缝的实际情况,对材料、施工工艺、温度等因素分析,并提出预防裂缝的对策与建议。     

Attitudes toward the use of designated versus non‐designated urban recreation space

Interviews were conducted in Kitchener‐Waterloo, Ontario, at eight different recreation areas. These were classified as either designated or nondesignated recreation areas. The interview was designed to obtain information regarding demographic characteristics of the user, attitudes toward the use of urban recreation areas (both playgrounds and areas that are not designated as recreational in character), reasons for choosing a particular recreation site and what users considered to be part of an ideal recreation area. Information gathered by the interview method was supplemented by a series of observations. Results indicated a significant difference between age and reasons for nonattendance at designated play areas. Differences in use by sex were, however, not significant.     

从游客环境容量到LAC理论环境容量概念的新发展

LAC(可接受的改变极限)是从游客环境容量概念发展而来的，用于解决资源保护和旅游发展之间矛盾的理论。这一理论在很多国家的规划和管理中得到了广泛的应用，取得了良好的效果。本文阐述了从环境容量到LAC理论的发展过程，描述了LAC理论的九个步骤，简要介绍了LAC理论的衍生技术方法。     

中国自然保护地体系建设——红线管控、旅游发展与文化表征

建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系,是贯彻习近平生态文明思想的重大举措,是党的十九大提出的重大改革任务。有效协调自然保护地保护与开发的功能定位是实现“生态保护、绿色发展、改善民生”三效合一目标的难点与重点。本文围绕如何有效发挥自然保护地生态系统服务功能这一问题框架,系统分析中国自然保护地在生态保护红线划定、旅游发展与文化要素表征3个方面存在的问题与障碍因素,通过政策梳理、学理辨析、国内外对比等研究方法提出以上三方面问题的破题策略。本文认为要建设与国际接轨、具有中国特色的自然保护地体系,需要运用“可接受的改变极限”思想开展红线划定与管控,因地制策、因时制宜、持续监测;需要加大游憩机会谱的研究及应用实践,实现生态保护与旅游发展相得益彰;需要重视自然保护地内文化景观的提炼识别及其表征、传播,重视国家公园文化认同意义表达。