构建高职院校学习型人才培养模式初探简

人才的可持续发展是知识经济时代面临的新的课题。构建学习型人才培养模式是解决人才的可持续发展和创新能力培养的有效模式之一。该文从社会时代背景、构建学习型人才培养模式和构建学习型人才培养模式的途径方面进行了论述,旨在为人才可持续发展和创新能力培养提供参考和帮助。     

Expertise,university infrastructure and approaches to new venture creation: assessing students who start businesses

Abstract

Within the broader literature on contextual determinants of effectual and causal cognitive logics, the paper explores the drivers of causal and effectual reasoning in student-founders of new ventures, particularly focusing on the role of university entrepreneurship-related offerings and student prior business experience. Using the Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey (GUESSS), the study involves a sample of 2179 student entrepreneurs from 26 countries. Our findings indicate that university entrepreneurship-related offerings such as curricular programming, co-curricular activities, and financial support play a differentiating role in the proclivity towards causal or effectual approaches across the groups of experienced and inexperienced student entrepreneurs. We also provide evidence that effectuation and causation are not mutually exclusive constructs: they are intertwined and can unfold simultaneously.     

Entrepreneurial action and the Euro-American social science tradition: pragmatism,realism and looking beyond ‘the entrepreneur’

Entrepreneurship studies are dominated by the disciplines of economics and psychology and work within a limiting methodological frame of reference; a ‘scientistic’ and individualistic framework that dominates the US-led mainstream of research. To achieve a more balanced scholarship, it is helpful to look at an alternative style of research and analysis which has deep and intertwined European and American roots. This looks to other social sciences such as sociology, as well as to history and the philosophy of science. Its adoption would encourage to shift the focus away from ‘entrepreneurs’ and onto the much broader phenomenon of entrepreneurial action or ‘entrepreneuring’ in its societal and institutional contexts. Such a shift would open up a greatly expanded range of research questions and enable a better balance to be achieved between attention to individual entrepreneurial actors and their organizational, societal and institutional contexts. A pragmatist and realist frame of reference, which recognizes both the importance of processes of social construction and the existence of a ‘real world’, has considerable potential to enrich and expand the scope of entrepreneurship scholarship.     

Financial bootstrapping and venture development in the software industry

Access to finance has been identified as a significant constraint on the development of technology-based businesses. Although important, institutional venture capital and business angel finance are used by only a small proportion of new and growing ventures. The role of bootstrapping – defined here as access to resources not owned or controlled by the entrepreneur – has been largely overlooked in studies of small firm financing. This paper redresses this omission by analysing the role and importance of bootstrapping in product development and business development in the independently-owned software industry. Results from two regions of the UK – Northern Ireland and South East England – are compared with equivalent data from the USA (Massachusetts). Overall, bootstrapping techniques are less extensively used in the Northern Ireland industry than in South East England, and in both regions bootstrapping is less common than in Massachusetts. This may account for the smaller employment size, growth profile and stronger service/consulting orientation of these firms. Moreover, there appear to be considerable variations in the use of bootstrapping. Larger firms tend to make more use of bootstrapping for product development, and consider it more important than do smaller firms, who more highly value business development-related bootstrapping. Small firms are also more likely to use and value cost-reducing bootstrapping techniques, whereas larger firms make more use of the exploitation of value-chain based relationships.     

Contrasting local responses to globalization: the case of volume yacht manufacturing in Europe

This paper is concerned with contrasting the impact of globalization pressures on industrial development in particular localities, with specific reference to the relative performance of regional clusters. A multiple case study approach is adopted in order to examine the decline of volume yacht manufacturing in a long-established English cluster and to compare its responses to globalization with those of major competitors located in other parts of Europe. The case study opens with an analysis of three sector-specific drivers of globalization that have exercised a decisive impact on the sector over the last three decades. In the main analytical section, two alternative approaches to the analysis of clusters (Porter 1990 Porter, ME. 1990. The Competitive Advantage of Nations, London: Macmillan. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 2000 Porter, ME. 2000. Location, competition, and economic development: local clusters in a global economy. Economic Development Quarterly, 14(1): 15–34. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], Best 2001 Best, M. 2001. The New Competitive Advantage, Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) are applied to the empirical material. The application of Porter's ‘diamond’ framework suggests some distinctive performance-related characteristics, while Best's ‘cluster dynamics’ model provides a more sophisticated explanation of the differential responses and outcomes identified in the English case. The implications for policy are that cluster-level outcomes may be predicated on the internal dynamics of their respective ‘entrepreneurial firms’, and that regional development initiatives would benefit from conceptual and empirical studies that can better address the historical and spatial complexity of the underlying processes.     

Networks vs. market methods in high-tech venture fundraising: the impact of institutional environment

This study examines how institutional environmental factors, including cultural norm, state regulatory system and venture capital market, influence the high-tech entrepreneur's choice for using network vs. market methods when approaching prospective investors at the early stage of their new venture creation. We collected comparative data through on-site interviews and questionnaire survey with 128 high-tech entrepreneurs in Singapore (a newly industrialised economy) and 250 in Beijing, China (an emerging economy). Our findings suggest that a culture emphasising the value of social obligation, the under-development of the legal/regulatory system and the immaturity of the venture capital market increased the proclivity of entrepreneurs to use network methods. Moreover, entrepreneurs who value networks higher in social obligation than in information transfer are more likely to choose personal ties instead of business ties. This study enhances our understanding of how high-tech entrepreneurs in emerging economies choose between networks and market methods in venture fundraising, and offers suggestions on how public policy makers in these economies can improve the institutional environment of their regions to promote high-tech new venture creation.     

Three levels of culture and firms’ entrepreneurial orientation: A research agenda

Numerous studies examining the linkage between corporate entrepreneurship and performance resort to the entrepreneurial orientation construct to assess a firm's degree of entrepreneurship. Little conceptual and empirical research has been devoted to understanding the factors and conditions that produce Entrepreneurial Orientation. Generic explanatory variables such as environment, organization, strategy and culture have been mentioned in past research, but though a number of hypotheses have been proposed, few have been thoroughly developed and tested. In this article, we focus on one explanatory variable – culture – that we develop along multiple axes. We propose a conceptual framework that aims to provide a better understanding of how three interdependent levels of culture – national, industry and corporate – influence Entrepreneurial Orientation.     

A longitudinal study on the relationship between financial bootstrapping and new venture growth

While bootstrap finance is widely used in entrepreneurial ventures, both scholars and practitioners have presented conflicting views on the relation between financial bootstrapping and venture growth. This article empirically investigates the association between bootstrap strategies used at startup and subsequent venture growth. For this purpose, we use a longitudinal database comprising data from both questionnaires and financial accounts of 214 new ventures. Findings demonstrate that the association between financial bootstrapping and venture growth is either nonexistent or positive. More specifically, new ventures that use more owner funds, employ more interim personnel, encourage customers to pay more quickly, and apply for more subsidy programs exhibit higher growth over time. We discuss the managerial and policy implications of these results and suggest avenues for future research.     

应用型本科院校IT服务外包人才培养模式研究

本文首先介绍了IT服务外包人才培养现状,提出了应用型本科院校教学应围绕就业,要理论与实践并重,培养“知识＋技能＋工作能力”的复合应用型人才,并以盐城师范学院信息科学与技术学院为例,对应用型本科院校IT服务外包人才培养模式进行了分析与探讨。主要强调了IT服务外包人才培养中应大力推进校企合作培养,加强工程实践教育,实施研究型教学改革。     

适应蓝色经济发展需求的高技能人才培养模式研究--以应用化工技术专业人才培养模式改革为例

本文以服务国家海洋发展战略为目标,立足为青岛蓝色经济先行区产业建设输送高素质、高技能人才,在转方式、调结构、培养高技能人才方面,主动服务青岛蓝色经济和产业发展。在学院“学教做一体化”人才培养模式的统领下,以应用化工技术专业为试点,实施“1.5＋1.5”专业人才培养模式改革,形成系统的、基于蓝色经济发展的人才培养模式理论和案例,为同类院校提供成功的范式。