VALUING NON-MARKET GOODS USING CONTINGENT VALUATION

Abstract. Contingent valuation is a technique being developed by economists for the valuation of environmental commodities not traded in markets. This paper discusses the major problem areas associated with this method of value estimation. These comprise bias (strategic, hypothetical and design biases); the discrepancy between willingness-to-pay and compensation demanded; the aggregation procedure; the choice of question format; and non-use values. Some evidence from comparative studies is reported, and comments made on the accuracy of contingent valuation answers, Finally, the conditions under which contingent valuation seems to operate best are set out.     

论战略型领导在高校后勤绩效管理中的作用

本文通过对高校后勤绩效管理现状的研究，引入战略型领导的概念，通过战略型领导的管理旨在提高高校后勤的绩效管理能力，更好地促进高校后勤工作的开展，服务师生，服务教学，服务科研。     

论农产品流通效率的分析框架

本文认为,流通效率是一个总括性、复合多维的概念。农产品流通效率是整个农产品流通过程中各种产出与投入的直接或间接比较,是农产品流通领域中每个环节主体和整体的效率总称。由立场指标、类型指标和具体指标构成的农产品流通效率评价指标体系确定了农产品流通效率分析框架的基础,在此基础上,本文探索性地构建了以农产品流通主体为中心,分别从农产品流通模式、流通结构、流通技术、流通网络布局和流通制度等角度对农产品流通效率进行较为全面综合分析的整体框架。     

How warm is the corporate response to climate change? Evidence from Pakistan and the UK

In response to growing consensus among scientists and governments to act fast to avoid dangerous impacts of climate change, many industries have started to prepare for a carbon‐constrained world. However, this response is far from being uniform. Often action is predicated on economic, technological, organizational and institutional drivers and barriers, which vary between countries and across industrial sectors. In order to understand the effectiveness of industry response, it is therefore important to analyse corporate response across different sectors in different countries. Focusing on the nine most energy‐intensive and greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting industrial sectors, this paper compares corporate responses to climate change in Pakistan and the UK. By analysing the divergence of strategies adopted by industries across different sectors in two countries, the paper examines the key factors influencing corporate adoption and implementation of GHG reduction and energy‐efficiency strategies in Pakistan and the UK. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

循环经济下企业环境责任的变迁与政策激励分析

随着经济模式的转化企业的环境责任由被动遵守环境法规和标准逐渐向主动承担环境责任转化,没有企业主动承担环境责任就没有循环经济的深入推进,循环经济的深化对企业的环境责任提出更高的要求。企业主动承担环境责任动力源于市场的导向和政府环境政策的激励,通过环境政策的调整均衡企业、个人和社会三者利益,促进企业主动承担环境责任和循环经济良性发展。     

基于管理可能集的管理有效性动态评价指标体系研究

为消除组织间客观基础条件差异对绩效评价结果的影响,对能真正反映管理好坏程度及能力对绩效贡献的二次相对评价模型及其可测性进行了研究,在此基础上提出了管理可能集的概念,并通过管理可能集分析管理有效性的可能性,并建立管理有效性评价的动态指标体系。同时,针对管理有效性的可测性分析,可真正做到对不同评价单位都有激励作用,从而有利于寻找差距,分析经济行为低效的主要原因,调动人们提高经济效率与科技进步的积极性。     

上市公司资产运营效率实证研究

本文通过实证研究，分析了影响中国上市公司资产运营效率的四个重要因素：企业规模、主营业务利润率、负债比率和非流通股比例。本文研究表明：在上市公司业绩尚佳的时候，资产运营效率与企业规模、企业非流通股比例之间呈正相关，与主营业务利润之间负相关，与负债比例无关。随着上市公司经营业绩的下降，资产运营效率逐渐脱离上述因素影响，原因为政府支持力度的下降和经营者内部人控制。因此，要提高中国上市公司资产运营效率，需改进内外部治理结构和政府公务员管理体制。     

Poisson Regression for Clustered Data

We compare five methods for parameter estimation of a Poisson regression model for clustered data: (1) ordinary (naive) Poisson regression (OP), which ignores intracluster correlation, (2) Poisson regression with fixed cluster‐specific intercepts (FI), (3) a generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach with an equi‐correlation matrix, (4) an exact generalized estimating equations (EGEE) approach with an exact covariance matrix, and (5) maximum likelihood (ML). Special attention is given to the simplest case of the Poisson regression with a cluster‐specific intercept random when the asymptotic covariance matrix is obtained in closed form. We prove that methods 1–5, except GEE, produce the same estimates of slope coefficients for balanced data (an equal number of observations in each cluster and the same vectors of covariates). All five methods lead to consistent estimates of slopes but have different efficiency for unbalanced data design. It is shown that the FI approach can be derived as a limiting case of maximum likelihood when the cluster variance increases to infinity. Exact asymptotic covariance matrices are derived for each method. In terms of asymptotic efficiency, the methods split into two groups: OP & GEE and EGEE & FI & ML. Thus, contrary to the existing practice, there is no advantage in using GEE because it is substantially outperformed by EGEE and FI. In particular, EGEE does not require integration and is easy to compute with the asymptotic variances of the slope estimates close to those of the ML.     

我国茶产业全要素生产率增长及其分解--基于随机前沿生产函数的分析

文章利用超越对数的随机前沿生产函数,测算了1996-2007年我国茶产业的全要素生产率。研究表明：研究期间我国茶产业TFP平均增长0.70%,平均技术进步率为1.42%,平均技术效率为72.05%,但都呈逐步下降趋势; TFP增长的主要来自技术进步,但技术效率的变化和规模报酬率出现一定的退步,阻碍TFP的增长;各省份TFP增长有差异,其中四川省的TFP增长速度最快,而湖南省和陕西省的TFP成负增长;我国茶叶的劳动产出弹性逐年增大,而资本产出弹性逐渐变小,且我国茶叶生产一直处于规模报酬递减状态。