论认识和体验

本文从唯物主义反映论的观点出发 ,深刻地分析和论述了认识与直观体验之间的本质区别 ,并据此对将直观体验摒除在认识结构和认识论对象之外的观点作出了合理而令人信服的说明。     

主-客位视角对旅游者行为研究的启示

反思性研究是20世纪以来社会科学发展的重要特征,然而在旅游者行为研究中有所或缺。为此,文章选取了反思性研究的重要概念--主位(emic)与客位(etic),在历时性梳理其诞生与发展的基础上,利用范式的3个基本结构剖析了其内涵,提炼了有益于旅游者行为研究的启示。研究发现,主-客位视角具有一致的本体论追求目标,且是新型的认识论组织原则和特殊的方法论理解框架。基于此,文章提出了其对旅游者行为研究的启示:在本体论层面,需要重视和宽容对待旅游者主位知识并充分结合主-客位知识的优势;在认识论层面,需要厘清不同研究取向间的差异和联系,实现他学科理论的"旅游化"过滤和特有理论的建构;在方法论层面,其分别为方法的区分和应用提供了一种相对的意义性认知标准和互补的实践逻辑。此外,文章还分析讨论了其在旅游者行为知识产出过程中(识别研究对象、采用适宜方法、获得可靠知识)的重要作用,用以响应社会科学发展中的反思性要求,勉力促进旅游者行为研究。     

The constitutive element of probabilistic agency in risk: a semantic analysis of risk,danger, chance,and hazard

Defining central concepts with accuracy is crucial to any scientific discipline. A recent debate over risk definitions in this journal illustrates the far reaching consequences of divergent definitions. Aven and Renn define risk as a social construct while Rosa defines risk as an ontological fact. Both claim that their definition reflects the common usage of the word risk. Through a semantic analysis this paper points to a constitutive element of what is termed probabilistic agency in the risk concept. In this respect, risk is distinct from danger, and because Rosa’s main argument is based on the apparent synonymy between risk and danger, the premises for his risk ontology are not valid. The paper furthermore argues that Aven and Renn’s attempt to bridge between epistemology and ontology is based on a distinction between a conceptual level of risk and its practical application which is impossible to uphold if a risk definition is to be in accordance with the ordinary usage of the word. The paper concludes by arguing that risks are only real within a subjective ontology.     

Excerpt from the report of the united nations' fourth world conference on women,Beijing, September 4–15, 1995

This response locates feminist methodological strategies, first, as both “outside” and “inside” familiar processes of the sciences and, second, in relation to a formulation of the democratic ethos.     

Big data and complexity: Is macroeconomics heading toward a new paradigm?

The paper discusses the extent to which the availability of unprecedentedly rich data-sets and the need for new approaches – both epistemological and computational – is an emerging issue for Macroeconomics. By adopting an evolutionary approach, we describe the paradigm shifts experienced in the macroeconomic research field and emphasize that the types of data the macroeconomist has to deal with play an important role in the evolutionary process of the development of the discipline. After introducing the current debate over Big Data in social sciences, the paper presents a detailed discussion of possible and existing interactions between Big Data and Computational Behavioral Macroeconomics. We argue that Big Data applied to economic questions can lead to new styles of thinking and research methods, namely to the development of a new research paradigm.     

Is System Dynamics Modelling of Relevance to Neoclassical Economists?

System dynamics modelling is a technique that is widely used in business, environmental and ecological applications. In the field of economics, however, it is less frequently used, and those that do use it are usually not professionally trained economists. One of the reasons for this is the perceived ideological differences between system dynamics modelling and neoclassical economics. System dynamics is classified in the literature as a heterodox approach. This article utilises a reputable framework from social theory to compare system dynamics modelling and neoclassical economics on ontological and epistemological grounds. This is the first known study to find congruency between these two approaches on this basis. System dynamics modelling has the potential to increase the range of modelling tools at the disposal of neoclassical economics, so long dominated by econometric and general equilibrium modelling approaches.     

Broadening the utilitarian epistemology of agritourism research through children and families

ABSTRACT

The genesis of agritourism is rooted in diversifying income for farmers, and accordingly, epistemological framing of agritourism research has focused on understanding the direct economic value of farm visits. The literature has identified multiple measures of tourism values and we propose that a similar broad epistemological perspective is needed to expand the analysis of the full spectrum of benefits that agritourism can provide to farmers and food systems. We describe the potential, yet unmeasured, benefits of agritourism and propose to empirically examine the educational and marketing potential of agritourism through building agricultural literacy among young visitors and encouraging family-level support of local food systems. We offer this as one example of how to expand of the epistemological approach to agritourism research, which will allow for a more holistic account of its benefits.     

Epistemology and the tasks of feminist economics

This paper examines the implications of current epistemological debates for the work of feminist economists. Feminist economists must acknowledge (in accordance with recent developments in the study of science) that (a) inquirers can never be certain whether claims about the world are true; (b) scientific inquiry is permeated with “internal” and “external” values; and (c) beliefs are affected by inquirers' social locations. But feminists should not, it argues, embrace the “relativist” stance of some postmodern thinkers, or reject the ideal of “truth,” or argue that beliefs are strictly determined by inquirers' identities and interests. It seeks to outline an epistemological “middle ground” for feminist economics, between the extremes of exaggerated claims of certainty and a disempowering relativism.     

Competitive advantage: logical and philosophical considerations

Strategic management theories invoke the concept of competitive advantage to explain firm performance, and empirical research investigates competitive advantage and describes how it operates. But as a performance hypothesis, competitive advantage has received surprisingly little formal justification, particularly in light of its centrality in strategy research and practice. As it happens, the core hypothesis—that competitive advantage produces sustained superior performance—finds little support in formal deductive or inductive inference, and the leading theories of competitive advantage incorporate refutation barriers that preclude meaningful empirical tests. This article explores the logical and philosophical foundations of the competitive advantage hypothesis, locating its philosophical foundations in the epistemologies of Bayesian induction, abductive inference and an instrumentalist, pragmatic philosophy of science. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

“反求诸己”的现代哲学解读

孟子之前，儒家哲学基本限于伦理的领域。而孟子才赋予了它以认识论、本体论的基础。这一理论的深化过程也集中反映在他的“反求诸已”的命题中。孟子的这一命题，刻画了由主体通过“反求”而沉入本体；同时又从本体之源获得力量，从而“扩而充之”，立其大者，造成人的高博，最后实现修、齐、治、平的目的的深入而出的双向运动。在这一过程中，孟子的论证体现了本体论、认识论、伦理学的统一，为儒家文化乃至中国文化无宗教的特征奠立了坚实的哲学基础。这一命题以积极能动的天人关系的论述，为人本主义学说提供了本体层面的论证，为中国天人合一学说增添了进取有为的色彩。