经济水平对生育意愿的影响分析—-项经验研究:基于621份调查问卷的数据

随着社会经济的发展,我国城乡居民的生育意愿相对于传统的生育意愿有了明显的变化,这种变化是包括经济水平等多种因素共同作用的结果。作为-项经验研究,对621份调查问卷作了数据分析。经济水平对生育意愿有-定的影响,但影响有限;且同时表现出-定的滞后性。这和中国受浓重传统文化影响且目前社会养老制度不健全等因素有相当大的关系。     

Determinants of Female Fertility in Taiwan, 1966–2001: Empirical Evidence from Cointegration and Variance Decomposition Analysis*

This study investigates the determinants of the fertility rate in Taiwan over the period 1966–2001. Consistent with theory, the key explanatory variables in Taiwan's fertility model are real income, infant mortality rate, female education and female labor force participation rate. The test for cointegration is based on the recently developed bounds testing procedure while the long‐run and short‐run elasticities are based on the autoregressive distributed lag model. Among our key results, female education and female labor force participation rate are found to be the key determinants of fertility in Taiwan in the long run. The variance decom‐position analysis indicates that in the long run approximately 45percent of the variation in fertility is explained by the combined impact of female labor force participation, mortality and income, implying that socioeconomic development played an important role in the fertility transition in Taiwan. This result is consistent with the traditional structural hypothesis.     

人力资本、内生生育行为与经济增长

将生育行为看作内生变量,假定人力资本具有收益递增性,当人力资本存量较多时,孩子质量（人力资本）收益率高于孩子数量收益率,而当人力资本存量较少时,孩子质量收益率低于孩子数量收益率。因此,在人力资本存量较少的社会,家庭选择多生孩子,对每个孩子的人力资本投资较少;而人力资本存量较多的社会,家庭选择少生孩子,对孩子的人力资本投资较多。这导致存在两个稳态均衡,一个是欠发达的具有较多孩子与较少人力资本的稳态均衡,另一个发达的具有较少孩子和较多人力资本的稳态均衡。     

Long-term Forecast of the Demographic Transition in Japan and Asia

The demographic structure of Asia is expected to change rapidly from around 2020 up to around 2050. Following Japan, which is already at an advanced stage of aging and birthrate decline, China, South Korea, Thailand, and Singapore will also witness a further decline in their birthrates and an aging of their populations. Next in line will be the remaining countries of the Association of South-East Asian Nations as well as India. Such changes, accompanied by a decline in the labor force, will not only adversely affect economic growth, but also have a major impact on voting structures, savings rates, and social security systems. Moreover, the process of demographic aging in Asia will be faster than in Japan, and its extent will be substantial, both of which exacerbates the negative effects. On positive side, these trends will give rise to the emergence of new markets.     

生育和经济社会的协调发展

有三个相关的生育问题需要作些深入研究,第一个是究竞我国当前生育是在什么水平？第二个是假如总和生育率的水平是1．8,这个水平能在今后三十年保持不变吗？第三个是假如未来三十年总和生育率过高或过低于1．8是不是会不利于人口与经济社会的协调发展？第一个问题应该可以用现有的但没有发表的生育数据作更深入分析和举办一次追踪调查去了解妇女生育的历史,追踪同样样本妇女的妊娠结果（活产、死产、流产）和出生儿童的性别。第二个问题的答案是否定的,因为世界上还没有一个国家能够不鼓励生育而能保持正在下降的出生水平。我国社会具备了生育水平继续下降的一切条件,特别是小家庭社会制度的普及更在促进生育水平下降。第三个问题用人口预测的方法比较未来不同生育水平对人口发展的影响,显示出不同预测的人口总数和年龄结构相差不大,无法得出过高和过低于1．8生育水平的未来人口会不利于人口与经济社会的协调发展的结论。     

生育率下降背景下高等教育扩张与大学生就业困难——从“98亚洲金融危机”到2008“次贷金融危机”

运用人口社会学视角对两次金融危机背景下的大学生就业问题进行探讨,尝试从宏观就业市场的人口队列效应、教育规模的"非常规"扩张到后危机时代的产业结构调整维度论证金融危机本身这一"突发性"的外部因素对大学生就业的影响程度。只有深化改革、完善市场调节机制,大学生就业难的深层次矛盾才可能因为这次金融危机获得纾解的时间与机会。教育及其他一系列公共事业投入与发展规划需将宏观人口发展战略纳入其中。     

Comparative Advantage, Observability, and the Optimal Tax Treatment of Families with Children

Children are special, not only to their own parents, but also for society at large. Even if society is not directly interested in children, intervention may still be justified for re-distributive reasons. The fact that children are not transferable, while income is, does in fact bias the first best in favour of households with a comparative advantage in raising children. Furthermore, visibility makes children a natural target of second-best policies (but it does not necessarily follow that family size should be subsidized, at least directly). If society is directly interested in children, maybe only because of an externality, that is an additional reason for interfering with parental decisions.     

Fertility,income and welfare in an OLG model with regulated wages

We analyse the effects of the regulation of wages in a standard one-sector OLG model of neoclassical growth extended to account for endogenous fertility decisions of households and unemployment benefit policies financed at balanced budget. In contrast with the prevailing literature, which has failed to pay due attention to inter-temporal contexts, our conclusion is that minimum wages may be introduced not only for equity reasons, that is, to increase the income of low-paid workers, but under suitable conditions—i.e., if production is sufficiently capital oriented and the unemployment benefits are high enough—minimum wage legislation might be considered as a source of increased economic performance despite unemployment, i.e. a regulated-wage economy performs better than a market-wage economy. As a consequence, since higher minimum wages raise per capita income together with increasing unemployment, our results imply that a positive correlation between unemployment and long-run income per-capita may exist. Further, the lifetime welfare of the representative generation may be increased as well. Finally, the wage rate may also be treated as a policy instrument for the control of population growth.

Let's put demography back into economics: Population pyramids in Excel

The economics curriculum today does not emphasize the study of population. This needs to change immediately because we are in the midst of another demographic sea change, slamming on the brakes right after a rapid acceleration during the last half of the twentieth century. Instead of glibly tossing a dependency ratio onto a slide, this article offers an easy way to improve demographic literacy using population pyramids. Simulation is used to explain the pyramid and its dynamic properties, and then real-world data are presented. Microsoft Excel's ability to act as a browser and download data with a single click of a button provides a flexible, powerful tool to explore historic, current, and predicted age-distributions of various countries. Download PopPyr.xlsm from https://archive.org/details/PopPyr.