经济转轨、财政分权和非预算内收入的膨胀

我国正处于经济转轨时期,政府收入形式极不规范,突出表现就是非预算内收入(预算外收入和制度外收入)的膨胀.非预算内收入膨胀与经济转轨和财政分权改革密不可分,抑制其膨胀必须规范财政分权.     

模糊模式识别理论在公共财政中的应用

随着我国公共财政管理体制框架的建立和完善,如何强化公共财政支出管理,提高公共财政支出的绩效水平,成为社会主义市场经济条件下财政管理工作的新课题.鉴于公共财政绩效评价具有模糊性,本文将模糊模式识别理论用于绩效评价中,对评估指标体系进行了设计,利用模糊模式识别的方法对我国10个省份的公共支出情况作了综合评价,得出了10个省份的公共支出情况的综合排序,以期对传统的统计学方法做出较为有用的补充.     

财政税收对市场经济发展的影响探究

在我国经济不断发展的过程中,税收工作随着市场经济的发展不断完善,已经逐渐影响到人们生活的方方面面,而且在发展过程中已经被广大人民以及企业所接受。我国税收已经从财政收入职能向收入与经济增长协同共进方向转变,这种功能性的变化是税收为了适应当前市场经济而做出的调整,对于我国现代化发展有着不可估量的作用。因此,论文重点围绕财政税收与市场经济发展之间的关系进行论述。     

财政赤字与经济增长的定量研究

本文通过定量分析指出,财政赤字的增加能否引发通货膨胀关键在于所采取的弥补方式,若采用国债作为弥补方式,则所引起的通货膨胀率小于0.001,同时每一亿元国债将使国内生产总值增加国内生产总值/货币供应量(M1)亿元(1990-2000年的收益均值为1.97亿元);若向银行透支来弥补赤字,其效果大部分为通货膨胀所抵消,每一亿元赤字只能使国内生产总值增加0.67亿元.     

The fiscal consequences of public health investments in disease-modifying therapies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis in Sweden

Abstract

Background and aims: The economic consequences of multiple sclerosis (MS) are broader than those observed within the health system. The progressive nature suggests that people will not be able to live a normal productive life and will gradually require public benefits to maintain living standards. This study investigates the public economic impact of MS and how investments in disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) influence the lifetime costs to government attributed to changes in lifetime tax revenue and disability benefits based on improved health status linked to delayed disease progression.

Methods: Disease progression rates from previous MS Markov cohort models were applied to interferon beta-1a, peginterferon beta-1a, dimethyl fumarate, and natalizumab using a public economic framework. The established relationship between expanded disability status scale and work-force participation, annual earnings, and disability rates for each DMT were applied. Subsequently, we assessed the effect of DMTs on discounted governmental costs consisting of health service costs, social insurance and disability costs, and changes in lifetime tax revenues.

Results: Fiscal benefits attributed to informal care and community services savings for interferon beta-1a, peginterferon beta-1a, dimethyl fumarate, and natalizumab were SEK340,387, SEK486,837, SEK257,330, and SEK958,852 compared to placebo, respectively. Tax revenue gains linked to changes in lifetime productivity for interferon beta-1a, peginterferon beta-1a, dimethyl fumarate, and natalizumab were estimated to be SEK27,474, SEK39,659, SEK21,661, and SEK75,809, with combined fiscal benefits of cost savings and tax revenue increases of SEK410,039, SEK596,592, SEK326,939, and SEK1,208,023, respectively.

Conclusion: The analysis described here illustrates the broader public economic benefits for government attributed to changes in disease status. The lifetime social insurance transfer costs were highest in non-treated patients, and lower social insurance costs were demonstrated with DMTs. These findings suggest that focusing cost-effectiveness analysis only on health costs will likely underestimate the value of DMTs.     

基于新疆经济增长的财政支出最优规模估算

财政支出规模反映了政府对经济的干预程度,然而财政在支出过程中有个量的把握,即占GDP的比重存在一个最优值。在最优值以内,财政部门为私人企业提供公共产品以及弥补外部性等,提高财政支出能够提高经济增长率,当财政支出超过这个最优值时,税收的扭曲作用会不断加强,增加财政支出对经济增长起阻碍作用。将财政支出纳入生产函数模型中,通过实证分析,估算出新疆的最优财政支出规模。     

财政分权、地方政府投资与通货膨胀——来自中国转型期的证据

依据当前我国通货膨胀严重和地方投资过热同时并存这一经济现象,建立模型实证研究财政分权体制下地方政府投资对通货膨胀的影响。实证结果显示,地方政府投资是我国通货膨胀形成的一个因素,地方政府投资通过乘数效应拉动社会需求,同时不断增加的投资加强了对土地财政依赖,两者共同作用推动了通货膨胀上升。     

Taking down the wall: Transition and inequality

In this article, we investigate the main determinants of income inequality in the transition countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States during the period 1990–2018. To this end, we address a major methodological challenge that lies at the core of the cross‐country literature on income inequality: the potential endogeneity of income per capita, which is largely ignored by most empirical studies. We adopt a two‐pronged empirical strategy by (1) using trading partners’ weighted average real GDP as an instrumental variable and (2) estimating the model via the two‐stage least squares approach for static models and the generalized method of moments estimator for dynamic models. Our empirical findings are consistent with the Kuznets curve that illustrates a nonlinear relationship between income inequality and the level of economic development. We also find that the redistributive impact of fiscal policy is statistically insignificant and taxation and government spending appear to have the opposing effects on income inequality in transition economies over the sample period.     

Can a comparative capitalism approach explain fiscal policy activism?

This study investigates the implications of models of capitalism for the responsiveness of countries’ fiscal policies during business cycles using new data for member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and China. We expand the literature by adding the category of East Asian nonliberal capitalism to the established distinction of liberal market economies and nonliberal coordinated market economies. These three differ substantially not just in their fiscal policies, but also in monetary policies, degree of financial market orientation, exchange rate regime, and labor market organization. As in previous studies, we find that governments of liberal economies adopt more countercyclical fiscal policies. Departing from existing studies, however, among the nonliberal models of capitalism, (East Asian) state-led models have more countercyclical fiscal policies than (European) coordinated market economies, perhaps as countercyclical as liberal economies, both historically and during the 2007–9 crisis. This is due to less independent central banks, managed float of exchange rates, and limited financial market orientation and financial openness in East Asia, which allow for more active fiscal policy. Among political factors, left-of-center governments, fractionalized party systems, and election years are associated weakly with countercyclical fiscal policy, as expected. Labor market coordination and welfare generosity have unclear roles in regard to fiscal policy, a topic for future research.     

中国地方公共品供给的逻辑：一个文献综述

基于文献综述,中国地方公共品供给的逻辑可以归结为：市场化进程客观上要求重新界定市场行为与政府责任的边界,而政府履行责任的过程可以视同为提供公共品的过程;中国式分权使得绝大多数公共品供给卸责给下级政府来承担;地方政府激励约束决定了地方公共品供给数量、结构与效率。此逻辑为解释中国经济转型中的市场与政府、中央与地方、增长与失衡、公平与发展这些重大问题提供了一个有益的分析视角。