成年子女照料者角色经历的性别差异研究

通过对15名成年子女照料者的质性研究,"养儿防老"、"嫁夫随夫"、"男主外、女主内"和"女儿也是传后人"等新旧观念相互交织,成年子女在养老责任担当方面"性别差异"发生了新变化;儿子、女儿和儿媳照料经历也因此各不相同。成年子女的种种照料负担和压力反映了当前老龄化社会中独生子女家庭面临的照料困境,为家庭照料者提供各种社会支持服务是十分必要的。     

农业与非农业地租的动态均衡分析

地租是马克思主义经济学中最富争议的问题之一。马克思的地租模型是特定历史条件下的产物,相对较低的农业资本有机构成和地权流转等因素一旦发生变化,马克思地租模型的结论便需要重新审视,而且马克思地租模型缺乏对非农用地地租问题的系统分析,可以说马克思的地租模型是一个局部的、静态的均衡分析。本文在坚持劳动价值论和生产价格理论的基础上,运用动态的一般均衡分析工具,把剩余价值、资本有机构成、地权流转等变量内生化,试图建立起关于农业和非农业绝对地租与级差地租的一般分析框架。     

地区间经济互动与增长差异:一个理论分析框架

尝试将地区间经济增长差异放入一个可分析的经济学模型框架中加以理解。通过建立一个数学形式的经济增长模型,试图从地区间经济互动的角度去理解地区间经济增长之差异,从模型分析中推导出若干有意义的结论。     

生儿育女的福利效应:子女数量及其性别对父母幸福感的影响

孩子被认为能够为父母带来效用但实证结果却充满争议。中国的计划生育带来的生育数量限制是否带来了相应的福利代价?而生育孩子的性别构成是否对父母们的幸福感产生重要影响?基于中国综合社会调查微观数据的研究表明,是否为独生子女父母并不是影响幸福感的显著因素,但是女孩相比于男孩更有助于提高父母们的幸福感。这个结果在全样本、农村以及城市人口、不同受教育程度、中年人群中都是一样的。但孩子的数量和性别对年轻及老年父母的幸福感均没有显著影响。这些结果和养育成本、人们的生育意愿和生育行为变化以及男女的不同性别角色等都是有关的。     

Labor force participation of women left behind in Tajikistan

This paper examines the impact of male migration on the labor force participation of the women left behind in Tajikistan. Studies from many countries show that when men migrate, female labor force participation decreases and this is largely explained by the income effect from remittances. Our study challenges this finding. Using panel data from 2007, 2009 and 2011, we find that, in Tajikistan, migration has no significant effect on the number of hours that women work. We use panel data which allow us to control for unobservable heterogeneity, rather than the cross-sectional data used by others. We analyze several countervailing factors that may have neutralized the income effect, such as the need to substitute for the missing labor in the household. We also find that women work more when the household has a farm, regardless of the presence of a migrant in the household.     

Accounting for the Gender Technology Gap Amongst Smallholder Rice Farmers in Northern Ghana

Narrowing the gender technology gap in agricultural production has become a critical policy issue in sub‐Saharan Africa. A better understanding of the gender technology gap is essential for policy formulation and programme planning to ensure equity in resource allocation, and household‐level food security in low and middle income countries, such as Ghana. We employ a metafrontier approach to analyse the differences in the efficiency of male and female farmers, recognising the endogeneity of some of the variables in the inefficiency effects model, in particular the credit constraints of the rice farmers under study. Our findings show that while the rice farms themselves are very similar, average yields for male managed farms tend to be significantly higher than female managed farms reflecting higher seeding and fertiliser application rates on male managed farms. However, there is no significant difference between the genders in either land used for rice or total output per farm household. We find some evidence that relative to the metafrontier, male managed farms are less efficient than female managed farms. The results further show gender technology gap amongst the smallholder rice farmers with females’ technology gap ratio being significantly greater than that of males, with females operating on a production frontier closer to the metafrontier. Policies that provide females more access to productive resources and other agricultural services could assist in the generation of relatively higher output.     

Mad women: gendered divisions in the Swedish advertising industry, 1930–2012

This article constitutes a first attempt to systematically map the presence of women in the greatly changing Swedish advertising industry since 1930. The overarching aim of the study is to analyse how the gendered divisions of labour and business changed in relation to both business structure and the overall labour market in Sweden. While we conclude that women constituted around 40–50% of the workforce over time, we see an increase in the shares of women in higher positions and in women who were self-employed and managers. This upturn, however, stabilised during the 1990s. We argue that the changes in gendered divisions of labour and business coincided with a fast-changing business structure. First, the old cartel broke down in the mid-1960s. Then, the number of firms increased quickly during the 1970s and 1980s, and the market share for the largest firms declined. This, in turn, meant new business opportunities for women at the same time as their overall labour market participation increased. The article stresses the importance of both acknowledging women’s presence in the industry development as well as the structures constituting gender divisions.     

特许权价值、最优关闭策略和存款保险定价

随着存款保险制度的推出以及金融机构退出机制的完善,国家声誉将逐渐退出银行无形资本。在激励相容的金融监管趋势下,特许权价值等市场约束力量会显著影响到商业银行的风险承担。在此逻辑基础上,以我国16家上市商业银行为研究对象,一方面探讨特许权价值影响下不同产权结构的商业银行的最优救助机制,另一方面通过最优救助临界指标,利用银行重组模型,推导合理的存款保险风险差别费率。     

BS in the boardroom: Benevolent sexism and board chair orientations

Research Summary: Though research has focused on the ascent and acceptance of female CEOs, the post‐promotion circumstances female CEOs face remain unclear. In this study, we focus on a critical post‐promotion circumstance: the board chair–CEO relationship. Drawing on the gender stereotype literature, agency theory, and stewardship theory, we posit that firms appointing a female CEO are more likely to adopt a collaboration board chair orientation and less likely to adopt a control orientation. We further predict this effect is attenuated by female board representation. Using a sample of new S&P 1500 CEOs, we find support for our predictions regarding the collaboration orientation but not the control orientation. This research provides some evidence of benevolent sexism in the boardroom, with female directors acting as a countervailing influence. Managerial Summary: Whereas the notion that females encounter a glass ceiling on their path toward CEO is well documented, the conditions female CEOs encounter after promotion are less understood. The relationship between the board chair and the CEO is one important post‐promotion condition. Board chairs can focus on monitoring and/or working together with the CEO. We suggest board chairs are more likely to work in close collaboration with female CEOs than with male CEOs. We attribute this to benevolent sexism, which explains that board chairs are more likely to collaborate with female CEOs because they view females as more conducive to, and in need of, this type of relationship. We also suggest this benevolent sexism is less prevalent when there are more females on the board.     

Kicking against tradition: women’s football,negotiating friendships and social spaces

This article examines friendships and social networks in the context of amateur women’s football. Studies of intimacies and friendships tend to situate women’s same-sex friendships around emotional support. The aim of this research seeks to account for more depth in understanding diversity in female friendships. The traditionally masculine (football) environment is peculiarly distinctive because it contrasts with traditional spaces found in private, domestic context that have traditionally associated with the formation and negotiation of ‘feminine’ friendship identities. Utilising 10 narrative interviews, the paper examines social and friendship networks in two main areas. Firstly, although non-traditional social groupings were evident, it was apparent that some participants had to negotiate a dual private/public role. Secondly, there were friendships based on sociability and these were integral to the connectedness of groups not defined by conventionally gendered roles, defined by emotional ties, but instead on collective interest focused around playing sport. These groupings are of interest because they are contrary to conventionality that frame emotional femininity, and foreground social activities that accentuate cultural complexities rather than confine friendship groups in terms of either masculine or feminine cultural practices. Drawing on the grounded experiences of female football players, we found that female friendships are much more layered and complex than represented in broader cultural discourse.