Wealth inequality and collective action

We study the effect of inequality in the distribution of endowments of private inputs (e.g., land, wealth) that are complementary in production with collective inputs (e.g., contribution to public goods such as irrigation and extraction from common-property resources) on efficiency in a class of collective action problems. We focus on characterizing the joint surplus maximizing level of inequality, making due distinction between contributors and non-contributors, in a framework that allows us to consider a wide variety of collective action problems ranging from pure public goods to impure public goods to commons. We show that while efficiency increases with greater equality within the groups of contributors and non-contributors, so long the externalities (positive or negative) are significant, there is an optimal degree of inequality between these groups.     

农村社区公共物品的农户自愿供给——基于声誉理论的分析

农户的声誉不仅能给农户带来直接效用,它还具备信息效应与资本效应,对农户参与农村社区公共物品供给博弈的均衡路径产生重要影响。在独立博弈下,声誉的直接效用能使农户采取合作行动;在关联博弈和重复博弈中,声誉的信息及资本效应对农户的偷懒行为有很强的约束,将导致博弈进入合作均衡。因此基于声誉损益的考虑,由农户自愿供给农村社区内的公共物品会是一个有效的结果。     

公共产品供给主体及边界确定的交易费用经济学分析——兼论我国公共产品供给过程中交易费用的计量

将新制度经济学中交易费用理论引入公共产品供给分析,给出了供给公共产品的主体确定的理论模型,并在威廉姆森范式扩展的基础上得出了各个主体的边界,认为最优公共产品供给方式的选择和主体边界的确定,取决于公共产品供给过程中发生的交易费用.测算了中国公私部门供给公共产品过程中存在的交易费用,发现就我国公共产品的供给而言,在一定的条件下将公共产品供给由政府部门交给私人部门与第三部门可以节约交易费用,提高公共产品供给的效率.     

Giffen goods and market making

Summary. This paper shows that information effects per se are not responsible for the Giffen goods anomaly affecting traders demands in multi asset noisy, rational expectations equilibrium markets. The role that information plays in traders strategies also matters. In a market with risk averse, uninformed traders, informed agents have a dual trading motive: speculation and market making. The former entails using prices to assess the effect of error terms; the latter requires employing them to disentangle noise traders demands within aggregate orders. In a correlated environment this complicates the signal extraction problem and may generate upward sloping demand curves. Assuming (i) that competitive, risk neutral market makers price the assets or that (ii) uninformed traders risk tolerance coefficient grows unboundedly, removes the market making component from informed traders demands rendering them well behaved in prices.Received: 30 April 2002, Revised: 3 December 2003, JEL Classification Numbers: G100, G120, G140.Support from the Barcelona Economics Program of CREA and the Ente per gli Studi Monetari e Finanziari Luigi Einaudi, are gratefully acknowledged. I thank Anat Admati, Jordi Caballé, Giacinta Cestone, and Xavier Vives for useful suggestions. The comments provided by the Associate Editor and an anonymous referee greatly improved the papers exposition.     

消费品市场有效供给不足的成因及对策

在买方市场条件下 ,我国消费品市场有效供给不足表现为 :消费品市场上的商品价位与消费者的市场收入层次错位、名优品牌和知名品牌商品少、城乡消费鸿沟加深。造成消费品市场有效供给不足的原因是 :消费品生产的市场定位出现误差、生产技术含量低、市场营销能力不强等。要达到消费品市场均衡 ,必须要做好市场定位、提高产品的技术含量、推进名牌战略、降低经营成本     

转轨中国公共品导出机制中的政府行为分析

本文从政府角度出发,对公益品和私益品的特性进行了重新思考,从偏好、福利二分、绩效衡量难易、制度环境、意识形态等角度考察政府行为的独特性.并以我国体制转轨的特殊时期为背景,分析了不同于西方代议制的政体下,在公共品导出机制中政府行为的复杂性,指出了制度上的缺陷和由此导致的一系列现实问题.     

Tax Competition and International Public Goods

A well known result in the tax competition literature is that tax rates are set too low in the Nash equilibrium to finance an efficient level of public consumption goods. In this model we introduce international spillovers in public goods provision and show that such spillovers reduce, and in the limiting case of perfect spillovers, eliminate tax competition. There is, however, always underprovision of the public good in equilibrium, since larger spillovers increase the problem of free riding. In an extension to the model, we demonstrate that congestion costs may result in overprovision of the public good.     

关于社会保险的深层次思考

正确认识社会保险税并非一般意义上的税，而是介于税费之间，从而跳出了目前的费改税之争，对当前我国社会保障制度的构建具有重要的指导作用。关于社会保险模式的选择，结合我国实际，针对不同群体可选择“并列型和个人主导型”。运用收支两条线和提高社会保障立法层次构建起社会保障运行的制约机制。同时，要在工会的参与实施下，通过制度规则建企，构建社会保险的补充形式，如企业保险、社区互助等。     

取消农业税后河北省农村公共产品供给体制重构研究

中国农村公共产品供给体制存在先天性缺陷,取消农业税,一方面使这一体制进一步削弱,另一方面也为体制的重构提供了契机。河北省农村公共产品供给体制的重构,核心是重新划分各级政府在不同种类公共产品供给上的职责,并建立与其相适应的财力保证制度、激励与监督制度。     

从多个视角看公共组织的内在性问题

公共组织的内在性是指公共组织确立的用来指导、管理和评估机构运行及其成员行为的标准或目标,这些标准或目标在很大程度上反映了公共组织的内部利益而非社会利益。文章从公共物品、公共组织的特性和政治"市场失灵"三个视角对公共组织内在性问题进行分析,认为这三个方面构成了内在性作用的载体、来源和机制。