从经济属性的角度分析公路收费中存在的问题

公路在国民经济的发展中,发挥着非常重要的作用,一般来说交通越发达,公路网越密集的地区,经济发展水平越高。本文从公路收费的经济属性角度出发,以收费水平、收费期限、收费标准等为具体切入点,详细论述了我国公路收费在这方面出现的基本问题,并针对这些具体问题,提出了相应的解决对策,希望可以对当前我国收费公路的管理运营,提供一些有益的思考。     

High-capacity vehicles: an investigation of their potential environmental,economic and practical impact if introduced to UK roads

In the UK, the length of a goods carrying vehicle is limited to a maximum of 16.5 m for a standard articulated vehicle and 18.75 m for a draw-bar combination. This research has investigated the environmental, economic and practical impacts of expanding the volumetric carry capacity by increasing maximum length of vehicles to 25.25 m, while maintaining the maximum gross weight at the current UK limit of 44 tonne. The scope is limited to the consideration of 25.25 m vehicle variants that are currently in use in the Netherlands. The investigation was based on a variety of techniques that included bench research and case study modelling. It concludes that, although the picture is complex and there are a number of operational issues to be addressed, the introduction of high-capacity vehicles (HCVs) to the UK would yield valuable environmental and financial benefits at vehicle and operator level, provided that vehicle utilisation levels do not deteriorate as compared with current fleet. At the national level, financial benefits would be partially offset by infrastructure costs and there is some risk of environmental benefits being partially eroded by modal shift – but on both measures a net benefit is highly likely to remain. In addition, provided that appropriate risk control measures are adopted, use of HCVs is highly unlikely to have an adverse impact on road safety.     

The first-order approach when the cost of effort is money

We provide sufficient conditions for the first-order approach in the principal-agent problem when the agent’s utility has the nonseparable form u(y−c(a))$u(y-c\left(a\right))$ where y$y$ is the contractual payoff and c(a)$c\left(a\right)$ is the money cost of effort. We first consider a decision-maker facing prospects which cost c(a)$c\left(a\right)$ and with distributions of returns y$y$ that depend on a$a$. The decision problem is shown to be concave if the primitive of the cdf of returns is jointly convex in a$a$ and y$y$, a condition we call Concavity of the Cumulative Quantile (CCQ) and which is satisfied by many common distributions. Next we apply CCQ to the distribution of outcomes (or their likelihood-ratio transforms) in the principal-agent problem and derive restrictions on the utility function that validate the first-order approach. We also discuss another condition, log-convexity of the distribution, and show that it allows binding limited liability constraints, which CCQ does not.     

From revealed preference to preference revelation

Utility functions are regarded as elements of a linear space that is paired with a dual representation of choices to demonstrate the similarity between preference revelation and the duality of prices and quantities in revealed preference. With respect to preference revelation, quasilinear versus ordinal utility and choices in an abstract set versus choices in a linear space are distinguished and their separate and common features are explored. The central thread uniting the various strands is the subdifferentiability of convex functions.     

When Ross meets Bell: The linex utility function

At first glance, there would appear to be no relationship between Bell’s (1988) concept of one-switch utility functions and that of a stronger measure of risk aversion due to Ross (1981). We show however that specific assumptions about the behavior of the stronger measure of risk aversion also give rise to the linex utility function which belongs to the class of one-switch utility functions. In particular, this utility class is the only one that satisfies a stronger version of Kimball’s (1993) standard risk aversion over all levels of wealth. We apply our results to consider n$n$th-degree deteriorations in background risk and their effect on risk taking behavior.     

马克思主义企业产权理论在国有企业改革中的运用

本文简要地回顾了国有企业改革的四个重要阶段,研究了马克思主义产权理论在国有企业改革中的具体运用,并提出了以下观点,1、马克思企业产权理论为国有企业改革提供了方向;2、马克思揭示的商品所有权规律为企业法人财产所有权提供了理论基础。;3、马克思揭示的商品所有权两重性的规律,为我国国有企业两权分立、政企分开提供了理论基础。     

公共物品偏好显示机制综述

由于公共物品具有较强的外部性,不同消费者支付不同的价格可获得相同数量的公共物品,消费者的"理想行为"是隐瞒自己的真实偏好,企图做免费搭车者。设计良好的机制有利于公共物品偏好的真实显示,从而实现公共物品的有效供给,在对前人研究思想脉络进行梳理、对研究成果进行总结的基础上提出自己的观点。     

中美贸易差额的真实利益分析与评估

近年来,随着中美贸易规模的不断扩大,中方贸易顺差也日益扩大。这种贸易顺差是否是有效率的、贸易差额的真实利益是否被作为贸易顺差国的中国所占有是两个值得关注的问题。文章从埃奇沃斯盒型图和效用函数两个理论模型入手对这个问题进行了研究,说明了近几年中美贸易结构是低效率,不经济的,贸易差额的真实利益没有被中国所占有。这种现象的根源在于美国长期以来实施的严格的对华高技术产品出口管制,并根据这种情况给出政策建议。     

Discounting models for outcomes over continuous time

Events that occur over a period of time can be described either as sequences of outcomes at discrete times or as functions of outcomes in an interval of time. This paper presents discounting models for events of the latter type. Conditions on preferences are shown to be satisfied if and only if the preferences are represented by a function that is an integral of a discounting function times a scale defined on outcomes at instants of time.     

基于EPC物联网的奢侈品防伪流程优化研究

介绍了EPC物联网的基本概念,基于EPC物联网在奢侈品防伪上的应用,提出了基于EPC物联网的奢侈品防伪系统构架及层次组成,针对防伪系统可能遇到的安全问题,提出了相应的防范措施。