Innovative productivity and returns to scale in the pharmaceutical industry

This study shows that firms in the pharmaceutical industry experience decreasing returns to scale in R & D as the level of R & D expenditures rises. The paper presents the results of our study of the innovative output of 16 pharmaceutical firms over a 19 year period. Given the strong correlation between R & D budgets and firm size, our study suggests the wave of mergers in the industry may yield less innovative productivity than managers expect.     

国土资源行政管理的若干应用基础理论问题（下）－资源开发与资源产业

从自然资源投入产出关系分析入手 ,论述了资源产业的两大产业群———资源开发业与资源再生产业 ,揭示了其内外经济关系。     

Emergent patterns of strategy,environment and performance in a transition economy

Insights from the resource dependence approach, dynamic fit, and strategic choice theories are used to explore the strategies adopted by Chinese enterprises, their settings, and the relationship between strategy, environment, and performance. Results from 959 firms indicate that respondents operating under ‘more marketized’ institutional settings tend to locate themselves in more munificent environments and place greater emphasis on meeting customer needs. Firms in China do not trade off one strategic direction against another, and certain strategy/environment coalignments have significant implications for performance. In particular, performance is better in more marketized and munificent environments and amongst firms who adopt an ‘aggressive’ strategic posture. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论企业的品牌战略——以商标法为视角

在世界经济一体化进程中,我国企业知名品牌数量少、档次低,影响其发展壮大,促使其树立品牌战略。从商标法的角度看,品牌设计要符合法律的规定,考虑到不同地区的风俗习惯,尽量使用强商标。商标要及时注册和续展,使用联合商标和防御商标,以防止商标被境外抢注;同时,也要注重商标管理和保护,保证企业的品牌战略顺利实施。     

Addressing the growth failure of the oil economies: The role of financial development

The oil exporting countries have experienced a relatively continuous fall in GDP per capita over the last 30 years. This is in spite of benefiting from a more than average of the rest of the world investment rate. The findings of this paper, report a lower level of financial development for the oil economies when compared with the rest of the world. We will show in this paper that the higher rate of investment of the oil economies can be explained mainly by the oil revenues and surprisingly, financial development has a net dampening effect on investment for these economies. The paper also shows that the weakness of financial institutions, contributes to the poor performance of economic growth of the oil economies and the weakness of financial institutions might be associated with the dominant role of government in total investment and the weakness of private sector.     

浅谈客户关系管理和价值创新

现代企业客户关系管理是改善客户关系、降低交易成本、扩大市场份额、提高经济效益的一项非常重要的管理内容。它致力于最大化客户的价值和提高公司的利润。文章先对客户关系管理对企业的重要性进行了分析，指出其对企业的价值所在；接着以星巴克公司为例，分析说明了在企业客户关系管理过程中运用价值创新战略对企业价值创造的帮助。     

上海石化加速乙烯发展的战略分析

入世以后上海石化面临的竞争日趋激烈，合资的乙烯装置凭借其规模大，技术先进的优势对上海石化构成竞争态势，上海石化须集中资金、发展乙烯、从而带动乙烯及其乙烯下游产品的发展，扩大规模，提高经济效益，使上海石化的实力迅速增强。     

中国城市化有关问题初探

城市化问题是当代社会经济发展的重大问题，是涉及到自然资源的合理开发利用，农村人口转化、剩余劳动力的走向以及城市工业、第三产业发展的关键问题。     

A Cross‐national Comparison of R&D Expenditure Decisions: Tax Incentives and Financial Constraints*

We provide evidence on the impact of tax incentives and financial constraints on corporate R&D expenditure decisions. We contribute to extant research by comparing R&D expenditures in the United States and Canada, thereby exploiting the differences in the two countries' R&D tax credit mechanisms and generally accepted accounting principles. The two tax incentive mechanism designs are consistent with differing views of the degree of financial constraints faced by firms in these economies. Our sample also allows us to explore the effects of capitalizing R&D on Canadian firms. Employing a matched design, we document relations between tax credit incentives and R&D spending consistent with both Canadian and U.S. public companies responding as though they are not financially constrained. We estimate that the Canadian credit system induces, on average, $1.30 of additional R&D spending per dollar of taxes forgone while the U.S. system induces, on average, $2.96 of additional spending. We also find that firms that capitalize R&D costs in Canada spend, on average, 18 percent more on R&D. Collectively, this evidence is important to the ongoing debates in both countries concerning the appropriate design of incentives for R&D and is consistent with the assumptions found in the U.S. tax credit system, but not those found in the Canadian system.