Family and sex-specific U.S. immigration from Europe, 1870–1910: A panel data study of rates and composition

This paper develops and estimates models of family and sex-specific emigration, as well as the sex composition of this emigration, from 12 European source countries to the U.S. for the period 1870–1910. The models are based on the distinction between economic migrants (males, single females, and some married females) and tied or trailing migrants (females) and are estimated with panel data, including data that relate to the occupational/industrial structure of male and female economic activity in source countries. Hausman-Taylor instrumental variable estimates suggest that although both males and females responded to labor-market signals, males were more responsive than females to per capita GDP differences. Moreover, compared to the rest of Europe, Ireland, and Scandinavia were the sources of many young, single male, and female migrants, who responded strongly to gaps in economic opportunities. In fact, much of the European response to such gaps appears to be due to migrants from Ireland and Scandinavia. Females tended to originate in English-speaking countries and countries that were agriculturally oriented. Service and manufacturing jobs in source countries discouraged the migration of females relative to males. Males tended to follow recent migrants more than females, but females responded more to long-term influences as measured by stocks of migrants from their source countries who had previously settled in the U.S. Countries with high birth rates had relatively fewer female emigrants, whereas those with high rates of natural increase 20 years earlier experienced relatively more male emigration. Intact families, other family members (including family-strategy male migrants and trailing female migrants), and single males and females responded strongly to economic incentives, but the singles were most responsive followed by family-strategy males.     

全球化语境下的欧洲化移民治理困境

全球化造就了大批国际移民并加剧了移民问题。欧洲一体化过程作为经济全球化的微缩样本,展示了移民问题在超国家治理方面的经验和智慧,进一步显示了非政府组织和公民社会参与的必要性。欧盟移民问题已经成为涉及政治、经济、文化、民族、宗教和社会的复杂问题。由移民所引发的混乱正在打破民族地域界限向全球扩散,形成了非传统安全对传统主权的拆解,需要一种崭新的跨国主义治理模式以强化其有效性。     

移民问题的欧美视角

移民问题是当今欧美国家所共同面对的难题。历史上,欧洲移民塑造了美国,欧洲对美洲的殖民化是美洲历史的一个重要特点。进入新世纪后,美国"9·11事件"在欧洲引发了移民族群的文化、种族和宗教差异而导致的混乱,并开始影响欧盟的政治格局。由于移民问题,美国外交政策在土耳其"入盟"和伊拉克战争问题上激化了欧美矛盾,也导致了新老欧洲的更深的裂痕。     

Competition as a track for preventing illegal immigration

Rich countries often face sizeable illegal migration. This paper suggests that these countries would use the financial aid which they give to the source countries as an instrument to prevent illegal immigration. The core of this policy is to allow the source countries to compete for the pre-determined aid, which would be distributed according to the cross-proportion of the apprehended illegal aliens. Moreover, we show that it may be beneficial for the rich country to split the source countries into competing pairs rather than allowing all of them to compete jointly. The rich country has basically two policy means: funds allocated to strengthening its border control; and the foreign aid given to the source countries. The multi-country general equilibrium model presented shows how the rich country, by choosing an appropriate mix of these two policy means, can minimize the number of illegal immigrants subject to its budget constrain.Received: 15 August 2002, Accepted: 21 January 2004, JEL Classification: F22Nava Kahana, Tikva Lecker: The authors are grateful to two anonymous referees for their valuable comments.     

C 区外来人口的服务与管理

经过多年的建设发展,C区已经成为首都城市发展新区,但在快速发展过程中,出现了外来人口快速增长的现象,加重了社会治理负担,也使C区成为了B市唯一的“人口倒挂区”。因此,外来人口的服务与管理亟须创新思路,重新定位。通过对C区外来人口现状特征进行分析,找出当前外来人口服务与管理中存在问题,并对C区的发展提出对策建议。     

农业人口转移、投入要素替代与乡村产业振兴

基于乡村产业振兴视角构建理论模型,探究了农业人口转移引发要素投入变化影响乡村产业结构的机制,并采用2001—2013年中国216个地级城市的分行业数据进行实证检验。研究发现:(1)农业人口转移在短期对乡村产业升级具有明显的抑制作用,但长期的投入要素替代效应有利于提升农业专业化服务水平,优化乡村产业结构;(2)农业人口转移显著提高了农业部门的资本劳动比,促进了乡村产业结构转型升级和专业服务水平的提升,但人力资本趋于恶化,具有较大的负面影响;(3)农业人口转移导致的相对劳动成本变化对东部地区影响更大,而中西部地区乡村产业结构受人力资本的制约更为明显。加快农业转移人口市民化的同时注重人力资本回流和科技投入,促进乡村产业转型升级,对乡村振兴战略具有重要的政策涵义。     

Effects of Free Trade on Women and Immigrants: CAFTA and the Rural Dominican Republic

We construct a disaggregated rural economywide model with a focus on gender and immigration as well as on the allocation of time to wage work, household production activities, and housework (reproduction). We use this model to simulate the impacts of the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) on rural incomes and welfare in the Dominican Republic. We find that elimination of agricultural import tariffs hurts both agricultural and non-agricultural households, via adverse factor-market effects, but impacts vary substantially by workers’ gender and country of origin. Females and Haitian immigrants tend to fare better than Dominican males, and there are ramifications for both market and non-market activities.