Epilogue—from ‘Gray Space' to Equal ‘Metrozenship'? Reflections On Urban Citizenship

This epilogue provides an overview and critique of the articles in this symposium, and an invitation to rethink, conceptually and empirically, our urban future. Using examples from cities in Israel/Palestine, it links the articles to the main currents in the literature on urban citizenship and ‘right to the city'. It draws attention to several voids in current debates, particularly around the rapid growth of urban informality and the changing nature of globalizing urban regimes. The epilogue introduces the notions of ‘gray spacing' to account for recent transformations in these regimes and the rise of ‘defensive urban citizenship' under conditions of neoliberal economy and persisting nationalism. It argues for the rethinking of the struggle for urban democracy in terms of ‘metrozenship' as a foundation for renewed critical research and political transformation.     

Campus,City, Networks and Nation: Student‐Migrant Activism as Socio‐spatial Experience in Melbourne,Australia

‘Education–migration nexus’ policies in Australia between 1998 and 2010 linked international education with different forms of temporary and permanent migration. This resulted in a blurring of boundaries around student, worker, consumer, migrant and ethnic identities. While the exploitation, marginalization and vulnerability of international students in Australia has gained a great deal of media and scholarly attention, less consideration has been given to the varied forms of subsequent protest undertaken by student migrants in Australian cities. This article analyses three case studies of protests involving student migrants in Melbourne: a protest against unfair assessment; a fight for a campus prayer room; and labour protests within the retail service and taxi industries. It draws on theoretical work on new social movements and social transformation in urban spaces to find ways to conceptualize this activism in relation to the scales of campus, city and nation. In doing so, it argues primarily that these sites of protest are socio‐spatial experiences that encompass shifting and socially produced spatial scales, as well as complex networks of association across different communities, which in turn reflect different student‐migrant identities.     

Patterns of Welfare Dependence before and after a Reform: Evidence from First Generation Immigrants and Natives in Germany

This paper studies the patterns of welfare dependence among first generation immigrants and natives in Germany before and after a substantial recent reform of the welfare system. Using data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel Study, the analysis presents life cycle trajectories of transfer receipt for immigrants and natives and studies the correlation between contextual factors and transfer receipt. We find no statistically significant differences in the probability of transfer receipt between immigrants and natives once socioeconomic characteristics are taken into account. Being a single parent, labor market status, and human capital are most closely correlated with the incidence of transfer receipt for both natives and immigrants. Interestingly, recent welfare reforms did not reverse prior patterns of welfare dependence.     

The Fisher hypothesis: a multi-country analysis

This paper tests whether the Fisher hypothesis holds for a sample of 26 countries by assessing the long run relationship between nominal interest rates and inflation rates taking into consideration the short run dynamics of interest rates. The empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that there is a one-to-one relationship between the interest rate and inflation for more than half of the countries under study.     

劳动力迁移对教育回报率阶层差异及收入差距的影响——采用“中国劳动力动态调查”数据的实证分析

基于“中国劳动力动态调查”数据分析表明,我国的教育回报率存在明显的收入阶层差异,其总体上随收入水平的上升而增加,且低收入阶层与其他收入阶层差距较大,中等收入阶层的高等教育回报率最高;劳动力迁移能显著提升接受高等教育的中、高收入群体和接受中等教育的中等收入群体的教育回报率,进而强化其收入优势;教育回报率差异对收入差距的贡献比受教育水平分布不均更大,劳动力迁移总体上有助于缩小与个体受教育（特别是高等教育）差异相关的收入差距。因此,教育资源的分配要有利于提升低收入群体的教育层次,并清除阻碍劳动力迁移的制度障碍,以缩减由个体受教育差异引致的收入差距。     

A Heckscher–Ohlin–Samuelson Model of Immigration and Capital Transfers

Given that the flow of immigrants from a developing country to an industrialized country increases with the gap in living standards, a welfare version of a Heckscher–Ohlin–Samuelson model is developed in which the equilibrium level of per capita utility in the developing country is some fixed fraction of that in the industrialized country. In searching for an optimal combination of immigration to the industrial country and capital transfer to the poorer country in order to raise that country's standard of living and reduce the number of emigrants, it is found that the international optimum is a corner solution with zero immigration and a positive capital transfer.     

Risky recreation: an exploration of factors influencing the likelihood of participation and the effects of experience

The purpose of this research was to systematically examine factors that may influence participation in risky recreational activities. Because more people participate in risky leisure activities, it is important to acquire a more in-depth understanding of the factors influencing their behaviours. We examine these issues in the context of a survey concerned with participation in the sport of mountain biking. Results revealed that experience influenced risk perceptions, expected affective outcomes, and the attractiveness or appeal of the activity. In addition, expected affective outcomes moderated the influence of experience on appeal. The likelihood of participation in a high-risk consumption activity was determined by affective outcome expectancies, appeal of the activity, risk perceptions, and prior experience. The results also indicated that the activity's appeal moderated the influence of perceived risk on the individual's likelihood of participation.     

Investment liberalisation and firm selection process: A welfare analysis from a host-country perspective

We set up a theoretical model to analyze the implications of coordination of immigration policies among destination countries. The model contains two types of spillovers between destination countries: a terms-of-trade externality and a welfare-policy externality. We show that while coordination unambiguously increases welfare of the destination countries, the effects on the level of immigration and on the income distribution of natives are ambiguous. Thus, coordination among destination countries does not necessarily solve the global coordination problem of inoptimally low levels of migration.     

The Bank of England, 1950s to 1979

Discovering chemicals as disinfectants and for timber preservation offered profitable opportunities in the early nineteenth century. After 1839 Sir William Burnett promoted his pioneering patent for zinc chloride – attempting to persuade both fellow medical practitioners and the Admiralty of its widespread uses. Trials in the navy, among migrants to Canada in 1847–48, and during Britain's 1849 cholera epidemic were all intended to demonstrate the ability of his product to contain disease, while experiments with impregnated wood sought to secure markets in the shipbuilding and railway industries. Burnett achieved business success at some cost to his professional reputation. His liquid was gradually superseded by carbolic acid and a variety of proprietary brands after his death in 1861.     

US Immigration Levels,Urban Housing Values,and their Implications for Capital Share

This article applies previously estimated effects of immigration on housing values to urban counties in the United States. Our findings here also help estimate how much of the increase in the net capital share of income since 1970 as observed by Piketty ( 2014 ) is caused by immigration. We find that in most urban counties in the United States, increased levels of immigration have had a modest but non‐negligible effect on the level of real estate prices and, per Rognlie ( 2015 ), likely capital share. These estimates provide hard numbers for the public debate over immigration policy in the United States, with implications elsewhere as well.