日本信息化的相对落后与日本政府的对策

在全球性信息化革命的浪潮中,日本的信息化虽然也迅猛发展,但与欧美各国及亚洲“四小”相比较,还处于相对落后的状态。主要表现为IT基础设施、电子商务交易、社会信息化、软件开发等方面的落后和软件人才不足。而落后的原因则是由于经济长期停滞、产业结构调整滞后、电信市场竞争不足以及宏观经济体制落后的影响等。日本政府制定了《IT国家基本战略》,并通过财政措施扩大公共投资、改革税制、放宽网上交易等限制;完善交易合同规则以及消费者保护措施制度等,为改变其相对落后的状态,采取了一系列积极的对策。     

Towards an Integrated Statistical System at Statistics Netherlands*

Changes in circumstances put pressure on Statistics Netherlands (SN) to redesign the way its statistics are produced. Key developments are: the changing needs of data‐users, growing competition, pressure to reduce the survey burden on enterprises, emerging new technologies and methodologies and, first and foremost, the need for more efficiency because of budget cuts. This paper describes how SN, and especially its business statistics, can adapt to these new circumstances. We envisage an optimum situation as one with a single standardised production line for all statistics and a central data repository at its core. This single production line is supported by generic and standardised tools, metadata and workflow management. However, it is clear that such an optimum situation cannot be realised in just a few years. It should be seen as the point on the horizon. Therefore, we also describe the first transformation steps from the product‐based stovepipe‐oriented statistical process of the past to a more integrated process of the future. A similar modernisation process exists in the area of social statistics. In the near future both systems of business and social statistics are expected to connect at pivotal points and eventually converge on one overall business architecture for SN. Discussions about such an overall business architecture for SN have already been started and the first core projects have been set up.     

Optimal design of trade institutions

We model an economy with social institutions that facilitate trade and induce three types of costs: establishment costs, access costs, and use costs. Use costs are specific transaction costs related to the use of these trade institutions. We assume that a trade institution is economically completely determined by the costs it imposes and by the effects on the trades it facilitates. We extend the Pareto efficiency concept to include various modes of organization of social institutions: the costs and benefits of these organizations are expressed in the trades they facilitate.Within this setting we discuss a valuation equilibrium concept, in which all agents use a common conjectural price system that assigns to every trade institution the price vector that would prevail under it. This feature of the equilibrium is important in securing the second welfare theorem, and is new to the analysis of economies with costly trade. Since the use costs can be nonlinear, there are non-convexities that prevent the second welfare theorem from obtaining in a finite economy, but we show it for large economies.Received: 3 April 2002, Accepted: 30 April 2003, JEL Classification: D59, D70, H49Robert P. Gilles: donewhile visiting the Center for Economic Research, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands. Financial support from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), grant B46-390, is gratefully acknowledged.Dimitrios Diamantaras: Part of this research wasSupport from Temple University via a Fuller research fellowship is gratefully acknowledged.The authors would like to thank Suzanne Scotchmer, Andreu Mas-Colell, Marcus Berliant, Shlomo Weber, Hans Haller, Dhanajay Gokhale, Julian Manning, and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments and discussions of previous drafts of this paper. A previous version of this paper was circulated as Equilibria of economies with costly trade.     

基础设施与经济发展关系探析

基础设施与经济发展存在正相关关系。基础设施对经济发展的促进作用表现为规模效应、空间配置效应、结构效应与福利效应。改革开放以来，中国的基础设施建设有了较大发展，但仍然落后于经济发展的需要，加强中国基础设施建设是经济持续快速发展的重要保证。     

对水利工程建设监理工作的研究

水利工程建设是我国的一项基础建设,具有保障国家粮食安全的重要作用。通过提高对实施项目建设监理工作的认识,提高承包商对监理工作的理解、支持和配合,提高工程建设各方的法律法规意识、确保合同顺利实施三个方面做好监理工作。     

档案数字化立法保护探索

档案数字化的发展要求相关立法的跟进,本文通过分析档案数字化进程,论述了我国档案数字化立法的现状,提出了未来档案数字化立法的关键点和加强保护的设想,有助于档案数字化建设的健康发展。     

浅议医院基建工程的造价控制

为了应对医疗市场的激烈竞争,大多数三甲、二甲医院在寻求自身持续发展的对策的同时,还面临着繁重的新建、改扩建任务。本文简单论述了医院基建工程的造价控制。     

The broader economic consequences of transport infrastructure investments

A major question in Economic Geography relates to the scale and nature of transport infrastructure’s contribution to the broader economy. While Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is the most widely used of the three potential approaches, the recent interest in the wider economic benefits of transport infrastructure has spawned a variety of macroeconomic models. However, the estimates of magnitudes and direction of economic impacts of infrastructure by various macroeconomic models are sharply different, and these models shed little light on causal mechanisms linking transport and the economy. This paper has two aims: first, to highlight the wider economic benefits of transport infrastructure from the observed role of railroads and waterways in economic development, and two by reviewing recent theoretical developments to identify the multiple causal mechanisms which link transport and economic growth such as : market expansion, gains from trade, technological shifts, processes of spatial agglomeration and processes of innovation and commercialization of new knowledge in urban clusters (made possible by transport improvements). Hence the need for developing general equilibrium analyses of transport-economy linkages.     

Public health infrastructure and growth: Ways to improve the inferior equilibrium under multiple equilibria

This paper develops an endogenous growth model in which public health infrastructure, specified as a stock, plays an important role in economic growth. A notable feature of the model is that it employs a non-separable utility function for consumption, leisure, and the level of public health. In addition, increasing the level of health infrastructure contributes to the production of goods through labor augmentation. With these settings, our model is found to have a unique equilibrium or multiple equilibria, depending on the magnitude of the intertemporal elasticity of substitution. For the case of multiple equilibria, we numerically study the ways to avoid the low-growth state in developing countries. From this, we identify two feasible policy implications. The results indicate that public health infrastructure has a vital role in the development policies of low-income countries. Lastly, we show that there are two possibilities in regard to the local dynamics of the model.