Policy Instruments for Groundwater Management in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands agriculture andnature have conflicting interests with respectto groundwater management. Insight into thesuitability of policy instruments to achieveoptimal groundwater level and extractionmanagement in the Netherlands is, however,missing. In this paper the suitability ofpolicy instruments for groundwater managementis studied. Changes in the institutionalenvironment and voluntary agreements seem to bemore suitable for groundwater level managementthan economic instruments. The currenthistorical groundwater extraction rightssystems together with the low groundwaterprices encourage low-value agriculturalgroundwater usage, whereas sprinkling bans andirrigation scheduling currently aim to reducelow-value use of groundwater. These extractioninstruments are less efficient than a systemthat considers externalities in the price ofwater or diverts water away from agriculturewhile encouraging trading.     

人民币升值压力下的国际营销策略

我国自2005年7月21日,开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度。汇改以来,虽然人民币对美元大幅升值,而中国经济似乎并未受到太大的影响,但是升值对于我国部分行业的造成压力和经济的长远发展却是不可忽视的。本文阐述了汇率决定理论并以此为基础,研究了人民币币值逾30个月来的市场表现以及升值对于部分行业的压力,指出了在此情形下的国际营销策略,其中战略措施包括实施"走出去"战略、加快产品更新换代和企业转型以及进行多元化选择和全球化配置,战术措施包括运用金融工具和举借美元外债。     

环境政策的再分配效应分析

和谐社会既是人与自然的和谐,也是人与人的和谐,因而环境政策不仅要能促进人与自然的和谐发展,还应能够促进人与人的和谐发展.环境政策的实施伴随着利益在各主体之间的再分配,分配的公平性不仅体现人与人的和谐还会影响环境政策的实施效果,所以,环境政策的研究必须要关注其再分配效应.阐述了各种环境政策工具,重点分析了这些环境政策工具的再分配效应.     

扩大生产者责任——循环经济实现中的制度选择

本文把用来解决环境危机的各种庇古方法以及科斯方法重新归类．将其分为增加获得原始资源的私人成本与降低资源回收以及循环利用成本两个新的类型。在此基础上，文章从自然资源与环境产权不可能被充分界定这一前提出发．封两种新类型的手段加以分析、比较，得出“扩大生产者责任”是在产权无法充分界定．以及资源价格不甚合理的情况下，实现循环经济的最优制度选择的结论。     

Regulation of Stock Externalities with Correlated Abatement Costs

We study a dynamic regulation model where firms’ actions contribute to a stock externality. The regulator and firms have asymmetric information about serially correlated abatement costs. With price-based policies such as taxes, or if firms trade quotas efficiently, the regulator learns about the evolution of both the stock and costs. This ability to learn about costs is important in determining the ranking of taxes and quotas, and in determining the value of a feedback rather than an open-loop policy. For a range of parameter values commonly used in global warming studies, taxes dominate quotas, regardless of whether the regulator uses an open-loop or a feedback policy, and regardless of the extent of cost correlation.Early versions of this paper were presented at the Fifth California Workshop on Environmental and Resource Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, May 5–6, 2000, and at the annual meeting of the Canadian Agricultural Economics Society, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, June 1–3, 2000. We thank these conference participants, and two anonymous referees of this journal for their comments, without implicating them in any remaining errors. The opinions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Asian Development Bank.     

Cost efficient pesticide reductions: A study of Sweden

The minimum cost for reducing the farmers' use of pesticides is calculated. The measures include are; (i) a decrease in use of inputs, (ii) an improvement of the insurance system, and (iii) application of an ecotechnology where 5–10 meters along the borders of the fields are left untreated with pesticides. The cost of reducing the use of pesticides is measured by means of pesticide demand functions and the cost for improving an insurance system is measured as the risk premium. The empirical results indicate that the minimum cost for reducing the use of pesticides by 50% in Sweden corresponds to about 6 per cent of farmers' incomes from crop production. A simple comparison of policy instruments shows that the cost of a quota system is about 40 per cent higher than the costs of the charge and permit market systems. The farmers' decreases in incomes under a charge system are twice as high as under the other two policy instruments. The results are, however, sensitive to the levels of the pesticide price elasticities.     

A Micro-Econometric Analysis of Determinants of Unsustainable Consumption in The Netherlands

Recently, much attention has been given to the notion of `sustainable consumption'. Whereas environmental economics traditionally has focused environmental policy analysis on producers, this new notion broadens the perspective to include environmental policies aimed at directly influencing consumer decisions regarding buying, using, and recycling products. This could suggest policies that link not only to price incentives, but also and especially to persuasive instruments, such as education and information provision. These policies might take into account certain characteristics of households, such as lifestyle and family size. This article presents a first econometric analysis of consumption in the context of environmental sustainability. Relationships between different types of household expenditures and a range of household characteristics are assessed, based on a large micro data set of households for the Netherlands. Use is made of various demand models and econometric techniques to adequately address theoretical and technical issues involved. The article ends with a discussion of the implications of the results for environmental policy directed at stimulating sustainable consumption.     

企业衍生金融工具的会计列报和披露研究——我国金融工具会计准则与财务报表列报准则的衔接

笔者就我国金融工具四项会计准则中对企业衍生金融工具业务在会计确认、计量、列报和披露中存在的难点问题以及与相关准则衔接等疑难,提出具体的操作指引,以期指导我国企业衍生金融工具业务的会计核算实务,并对财政部相关准则指南中尚未解决的会计核算实务提供有益的补充,完善我国企业衍生金融工具业务会计核算技术体系。     

衍生金融工具会计风险问题研究

针对大多数衍生金融工具为表外业务,无法在财务报表中加以确认和计量的特点,本文讨论了衍生金融工具存在的计量风险,以及采用公允价值方法与及时信息披露方法结合对衍生金融工具计量和披露,由于会计计量属性的原因,会计难以全面披露衍生金融工具的风险,由此讨论如何规避由于采用衍生金融工具而导致的会计风险的方法和措施。     

Making Weak Instrument Sets Stronger: Factor‐Based Estimation of Inflation Dynamics and a Monetary Policy Rule

The problem of weak identification has recently attracted attention in the analysis of structural macroeconomic models. Using robust methods can result in large confidence sets making precise inference difficult. We overcome this problem in the analysis of the hybrid New Keynesian Phillips Curve and a forward‐looking Taylor rule by employing stronger instruments. We suggest exploiting information from a large macroeconomic data set by generating factors and using them as additional instruments. This approach results in stronger instrument sets and hence smaller weak‐identification robust confidence sets. It allows us to conclude that there has been a shift toward more active monetary policy from the pre‐Volcker regime to the Volcker–Greenspan tenure.