影响食品检验检测结果准确性的因素及控制分析

食品检验检测结果关乎食品的品质安全,对人们的身体健康有着极为重大的影响。本文以食品检测结果的影响因素与控制方式为主要研究对象,针对食品检测技术进行多角度、多层次、多内容的论述和分析,结合笔者多年从事食品检测领域的科研经验,提出一系列行之有效的解决策略与控制办法,为相关从业人员提供参考。     

Payment Instruments as Perceived by Consumers – Results from a Household Survey

Summary Survey results show that Dutch consumers perceive paying in cash as an inexpensive way to pay, compared to paying with electronic payment cards. This finding partly explains the low usage of electronic payment cards in point-of-sale (POS) payments. The objective of the survey was to identify price and non-price features of payment instruments that can be used to stimulate the use of electronic payment cards. Their attractiveness can be increased, through technological modifications that enhance their convenience and by increasing the number of acceptance points. Making it less expensive for consumers to pay with payment cards could also increase the usage of payment cards. I would like to thank Rein Kieviet, Maarten van Rooij, Stijn Schmitz, Ariena van Wageningen and especially Corrie Vis of CentERdata for their help in collecting the data. Furthermore, I would like to thank two anonymous referees, Wilko Bolt, Hans Brits, Jeff Dominitz, Beth Kiser, Beth Klee, Jed Kolko, Philip Maier, Carlo Winder and participants of the DNB lunch seminar, the FRB research seminar and the Boston FED ‘Consumer behaviour and Payment Choice’ conference for their valuable comments on earlier versions of this paper. All remaining errors are my own. The views expressed in this paper are mine and do not necessarily reflect those of the Nederlandsche Bank.     

The Repo Auctions of the European Central Bank and the Vanishing Quota Puzzle*

Until June 2000 the European Central Bank (ECB) used fixed rate tenders for its weekly repo auctions. A switch to variable rate tenders became necessary due to massive overbidding by banks. In this paper we introduce a stylized game among banks to investigate this overbidding phenomenon. Our results confirm the weakness of the fixed rate tender format and indicate that the ECB's liquidity management has significantly improved since the switch to the variable rate system. Yet recent episodes of rate cut expectations suggest that the ECB's practice of setting a minimum bid rate should be abandoned in favor of a more symmetric interest rate target.     

外汇衍生金融工具会计披露的规范研究

外汇衍生金融工具的会计披露直接关系到内部管理者和外部使用者的经济决策,所以其是外汇衍生金融工具会计的一个重要内容。本文根据目前外汇衍生金融工具的会计披露现状,对会计披露方面表内要素列示和表外信息披露进行了研究,并提出规范这些方面的具体建议。     

关于衍生金融工具的风险控制研究

衍生金融工具的创新和发展是现代市场经济发展的必然产物。我国加入WTO后,金融市场在迅速扩张,其隐含风险不可忽视。本文认为,我国应借鉴其他国家经验,加强金融监管,完善会计法规,在发展衍生金融工具的同时注重对其风险进行控制。     

Mobilizing non-conventional budgetary resources in Asia in the 21st century

The 21st century will be characterized by the curtailment of tax policy autonomy and high locational elasticities for economic activities. Resource mobilization tasks for Asian governments will therefore be far more complex. With respect to traditional taxes, base broadening and modernization of tax administration will have to be primary instruments of raising additional revenue rather than rate increases.The paper suggests that Asian countries will need to substantially enhance their capacity to benefit from innovative instruments of resource mobilization. These include public asset restructuring, treasury management, and revenue from creation of property rights, regulatory levies and more effective use of cost recovery and user charges. Resource mobilization and delivery of public services will have to be increasingly linked. An Asia wide tax forum to address common concerns, such as tax avoidance will need to be considered.     

食品安全检测与现代仪器技术的应用

围绕食品安全检测中涉及到的检测项目,针对现阶段应用较为广泛的检测方法进行阐述,旨在让读者了解现代仪器的原理、特点及适宜的食品范围。     

票据伪造下的银行付款困境

由于我国针对票据伪造的法律制度缺陷的存在使得银行在票据业务处理中陷入困境,"究竟应否对载有伪造签章的票据予以付款"成为一大难题.考察现行针对票据伪造的法律制度,明确银行的付款审查责任,无疑成为银行规避或减少票据支付风险的首要前提.在比较大陆法系与英美法系相关票据制度的基础上,本文建议应完善我国票据立法,明确规定付款人的形式审查义务,在公平原则的基础上构建我国票据伪造风险负担制度.银行作为票据付款人,不应承担背书伪造的风险责任,只在原则上承担出票伪造的风险责任,并且允许存在例外.     

高端科学仪器的创新特性与产业发展思路

高端科学仪器具有全局性的战略意义,但目前对其创新规律缺乏必要的研究.从与科学的共生关系、研发的异质集成性、性能改进的高频迭代、市场采纳的马太效应、价值创造的服务化、创新扩散的团簇型市场等6个方面归纳高端科学仪器的创新特性.提出促进中国高端科学仪器产业创新发展的思路,包括鼓励"中国首创"、引导"科学-商业"接力创新、支持应用迭代、重视跨国技术并购、挖掘服务化创新机会、加强高等教育改革.     

Institutions and growth: evidence from estimation methods robust to weak instruments

This article focuses on the empirical approach proposed by Hall and Jones (1999 Hall, RE and Jones, CI(HJ99). 1999. Why do some countries produce so much more output per worker than others?. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114: 83–116. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) to estimate the effect of what they call ‘social infrastructure’ on productivity across countries. We consider the issue of weak identification in their linear instrumental variables model. The evidence obtained from partially robust estimators, such as the k-class and jackknife estimators, is interpreted on the basis of Monte Carlo studies. Our findings suggest that using certain k-class estimators allows exclusive reliance on the linguistic variables to instrument for institutional quality despite their low correlation with the endogenous regressor in question.