Liability of foreignness in global competition? Financial service affiliates in the city of London

This study was inspired by the observation that foreign financial service firms operating in the City of London do not suffer the liability of foreignness to the extent suggested by theory. To examine the reasons for this departure from theory, the study advances a theoretical framework that distinguishes between three types of advantages that together account for the competitive performance of MNEs relative to that of indigenous firms. Empirical analyses of a sample of 296 foreign financial service firms in the City of London show that in this particular context major sources of competitive performance are the firm‐specific advantages and the advantages of multinationality, where British firms may not necessarily possess an advantage over foreign firms. An examination of the validity of the findings, in order to assess the extent to which this situation is unique to the City of London or rather signifies a more general trend that requires theoretical modifications and extensions, is emphasized as a major task for future research. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有限责任公司股权的性质

关于有限责任公司股权性质的认定,法学界历来存在较大分歧,形成了几种有代表性的学说,但都存在明显的缺陷。从股东财产与公司财产相互分离、股东人格与公司人格彼此独立的角度分析,股权应为一种独立的财产权,且具有集合性。     

对南北战争前美国股份制经济的历史考察

在美国，从国家独立到走向繁荣的进程中，股份经济起着十分重要的作用。其股份经济最早产生于17世纪初，它从英国移植而来，为美国提供了现成的企业组织形式。18世纪中后期，一些州政府对有限责任的许可，推动了美国股份经济的初步发展，19世纪30年代到南北战争前发生的以铁路建设大发展为标志的交通运输业革命，导致了美国历史上股份经济发展的第一个高潮，它为南北战争后美国经济迈入世界工业化强国奠定了基础。     

资产负债表债务法突破长期股权投资税务差异瓶颈分析

长期股权投资业务会计和税务对收益的规定有很大的差别,非一般意义上的时间性差异和永久性差异,运用传统递延法和债务法有局限性。随着会计环境的改变,资产负债观逐渐取代了收入费用观,衍生出资产负债表债务法确认暂时性差异,我国也在所得税准则中提出运用此方法。本文对资产负债表债务法如何对传统方法在长期股权投资运用的局限性进行改善方面进行了分析。     

Identifying liabilities of foreignness and strategies to minimize their effects: the case of labor lawsuit judgments in the United States

Most foreign direct investment (FDI) theories assume that foreign subsidiaries are at a disadvantage relative to domestic firms; that is, they suffer a liability of foreignness. Following this reasoning, most FDI research has focused on advantages foreign investors must possess to overcome whatever disadvantages they face. Research directly investigating the sources of foreign subsidiary disadvantages has been notably lacking, despite the fact that understanding disadvantages could uncover ways to reduce exposure to these liabilities of foreignness and improve management of FDI. This study focuses on whether labor lawsuit judgments represent a liability for foreign subsidiaries operating in the United States (U.S.). Specifically, I tested whether 486 British, German, and Japanese subsidiaries operating in the U.S. had more labor lawsuits brought to judgment than a matched sample of U.S.‐owned firms. Results indicate that foreign subsidiaries faced significantly more labor lawsuit judgments in both federal and state jurisdictions. I also investigated several variables hypothesized to be associated with a reduction in labor lawsuit judgments facing foreign subsidiaries. Foreign subsidiaries who used American top officers or whose parent firms had more U.S. operations faced fewer lawsuits, while foreign subsidiaries using human resource professionals actually faced more labor lawsuit judgments. Implications of these findings and avenues for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论中国CPA审计法律责任的制度缺失与重构

目前,我国CPA在涉及上市公司审计业务过程中发生的舞弊现象十分严重,但是在处罚中却存在严重的法律责任制度缺失问题,突出表现在法律责任缺乏界定依据、起诉主体法律条文不明、诉讼门槛起点太高、赔偿金额难以确定、处罚形式避重就轻。CPA参与上市公司舞弊的重要原因是:民事赔     

谁动了货代的奶酪?--货代转型第三方物流的经营及法律分析

《谁动了我的奶酪》讲的是一个关于追求目标中的“变化”的故事。这个比喻恰能给我们的本土货代在激烈竞争和新兴物流革命寻求新的契机带来前进的动力和启示。本文正是为货代企业在我国“迷宫”般的物流新生市场中，在转型物流的“奶酪旅途”之前，客观地认清自身素质和条件，衡量法律风险作出评析，供以参考。     

Instrumental variable estimation based on grouped data

The paper considers the estimation of the coefficients of a single equation in the presence of dummy intruments. We derive pseudo ML and GMM estimators based on moment restrictions induced either by the structural form or by the reduced form of the model. The performance of the estimators is evaluated for the non-Gaussian case. We allow for heteroscedasticity. The asymptotic distributions are based on parameter sequences where the number of instruments increases at the same rate as the sample size. Relaxing the usual Gaussian assumption is shown to affect the normal asymptotic distributions. As a result also recently suggested new specification tests for the validity of instruments depend on Gaussianity. Monte Carlo simulations confirm the accuracy of the asymptotic approach.     

论现代化工企业在和谐社会中的社会责任

改革开放后，我国社会主义市场经济正在逐步取代传统的计划经济。在这个过程中，每一个企业必然涉及诸多方面的利益关系。随着世界经济一体化的推进，我国企业的伦理模式和价值观念都发生了很大的变化。明确和履行企业的社会责任，不但是企业自身生存和发展的需要，而且也是和谐社会的客观要求。文章对我国企业的道德水准现状进行了初步的分析，并提出了相应的对策与措施。     

The non-neutrality of debt in investment timing: a new NPV rule

Summary Limited liability debt financing of irreversible investments can affect investment timing through an entrepreneur’s option value, even after compensating a lender for expected default losses. This non-neutrality of debt arises from an entrepreneur’s unique investment opportunity, and it is shown in a standard model of irreversible investment that includes the equilibrium effect of a competitive lending sector. The analysis is partial, in that it takes as exogenously given an entrepreneur’s use of debt. Intuitively, limited liability lowers downside risk for the entrepreneur by truncating the lower tail of risks, and lowers the investment threshold. Compensating the lender for expected default losses reduces project profitability to the entrepreneur, and increases the investment threshold. The net effect is negative, because lower downside risk has an additional impact on the option value of delaying investment. The standard NPV rule in real options theory implicitly assumes debt to be neutral. With non-neutrality of debt, an investment threshold is higher than investment cost, but lower than the standard NPV rule. Comparisons with other standard investment thresholds show similar relationships.