投资性房地产计量模式比较研究

投资性房地产是以赚取租金或资本增值为目的而持有的房地产。执行《企业会计准则第3号——投资性房地产》，企业将面临如何将原属一类的资产进行重分类、对重分类后的投资性房地产如何在可供选择的会计政策中进行选择及核算、不同模式分别对企业带来什么样的影响等问题，本文从投资性房地产后续计量模式比较研究出发，探讨《投资性房地产准则》的核心内容。     

处于十字路口的中国货币政策

21年来,我国货币政策为稳定物价,促进经济增长做出了重要贡献,但当前却面临来自国内外的双重压力:国内经济运行中结构性矛盾日益突出,国外存在着要求人民币升值的强烈呼声.为了应对来自国内外的新的挑战,可行的选择是:一是坚决顶住国际社会要求人民币升值的压力;二是对货币政策进行必要的调整,在强调总量调整的同时,更要重视选择性货币政策工具的使用.     

Preference Anomalies,Preference Elicitation and the Discovered Preference Hypothesis

There is wide-ranging evidence, much of it deriving from economics experiments, of ‘anomalies’ in behaviour that challenge standard preference theories. This paper explores the implications of these anomalies for preference elicitation methods. Because methods that are used to inform public policy, such as contingent valuation, are based on standard preference theories, their validity may be called into question by the anomaly data. However, on a new interpretation, these anomalies do not contradict standard theory but are errors in stated preference that can be expected to disappear as people become more experienced in relevant decision environments. We explore the evidence for this interpretation and what implications follow for preference elicitation methodology. JEL classifications: C91, D01, D60, D81, D83, H40     

Applying Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to Environmental and Resource Economics

Many of the analyses undertaken byenvironmental and resource economics areintimately concerned with spatial variations.This article examines the contribution whichGeographical Information Systems (GIS) mayprovide in incorporating the complexities ofthe spatial dimension within such analyses. Thepaper introduces the reader to the types ofdata handled by a GIS and overviews thepractical functionality offered by suchsystems. A brief literature review issupplemented by a number of more detailedapplications illustrating various GIStechniques which may be of use to the appliedenvironmental or resource economist.     

Is a Conservative Central Banker a (Perfect) Substitute for Wage Coordination?

In a monetary union, macroeconomic policies are strongly associated with externalities that imply the need for coordination. However, if coordination is not complete, it might be unable to cope with the externalities. This paper investigates different solutions for internalizing policy externalities. In particular, we compare wage coordination to the conservative central banker solution, which the recent literature has found able to impose wage moderation on labor unions. We also discuss some issues related to labor flexibility reforms as a solution for the unemployment problem.     

Ordering effects in contingent valuation surveys

This paper focuses on ordering effects in CVM surveys; how the expressed value of a particular good valued in a sequence of several goods depends on where in the sequence the good is valued. We use data from a Norwegian CVM survey focusing on WTP for a 50% reduction in air pollution from car traffic to test for the existence of ordering effects and to apply a test for internal consistency. We found considerable and significant ordering effects in our data, but were not able to reject the hypothesis of internal consistency. Based on our survey, we argue that ordering effects may be a result of rational choice. These effects are problematic if a sequential valuation procedure is applied to a simultaneous problem, and/or the respondents are given imperfect information about the decision problem.     

Altruism in cost-benefit analysis

It has recently been argued that altruistic motives for paying for a public sector project should be ignored in a cost-benefit analysis. The reason is that including altruism would mean a kind of double counting of the project's benefits. This paper takes a look at these arguments, and derives cost-benefit rules which cover different kinds of altruism. The paper also provides some recommendations for the treatment of altruism in studies using the contingent valuation method.     

Primary and secondary values of wetland ecosystems

Wetlands are continuously degraded in many parts of the world. One reason is the lack of the appropriate valuation of the multifunctionality of wetland. In an attempt to improve the understanding of the importance of this feature of wetlands an alternative classification of values is suggested; primary and secondary values. Primary value refers to the development and maintenance of ecosystems — their self-organizing capacity. Secondary values are defined as the outputs, life-support functions and services, generated by wetlands. Methods for measuring these values are discussed. Three case studies are presented which use different valuation methods and which to different degrees capture the primary and secondary values. It is concluded that only part of the total wetland value can be captured in monetary terms.     

Can People Value Protection against Invasive Marine Species? Evidence from a Joint TC–CV Survey in the Netherlands

Harmful algal-bloom species (HABs) are invasiveexotic species that are primarily introduced inNorth European waters through ballast water ofships. Some produce important damages to themarine ecosystem such as the red tides thatcause a massive destruction of marine livingresources, including fish and bottom-livinganimals. Others are responsible for theproduction of thick foams with repellent odorsand the coloration of the beach water, causingimportant damages on beach recreation. Thisarticle reports a monetary valuation study of amarine protection program. This program focuseson the prevention of HABS along the coastlineof the Netherlands. It entails the constructionof a ballast water disposal treatment in theRotterdam harbor and the implementationof a monitoring program of the water quality inthe open sea along the North-Holland beaches.The valuation study is based on a questionnaireundertaken at Zandvoort, a famous Dutchbeach resort. The economic value of the marineprotection program includes non-market benefitsassociated with beach recreation, human healthand marine ecosystem impacts. Both contingent-valuation and travel-cost methods are used.These valuation techniques have not yet beenapplied to value HABs damages. The valuationresults indicate that the protection programmakes sense from an economic perspective aslong as its cost is, in any case, less than 225 millioneuro, and possibly less than 326 million euro, depending on how survey refusals are dealt with.     

Environmental Valuation – To Use or Not to Use? A Comparative Study of the United States and Europe

Valuation methods have been used for five main purposes in environmental decision-making. Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) of projects, CBA of new regulations, natural resource damage assessment, environmental costing, and environmental accounting. The relatively lower importance attached to economic efficiency in environmental decision-making in most European countries compared to the U.S.A., both legally and in practice, might account for our general finding that there are very few valuation studies in Europe which have served as a decisive basis for environmental policy and regulations. However, with EU's goal to establish environmentally adjusted national accounts and to apply CBA to environmental policy and regulations, time seems ripe for an increased use of valuation techniques in Europe.