精英与公民参与决策博弈的新视角——基于托马斯的有效决策模型

精英决策模式是众多民主国家普遍适用的公共决策模式。随着“强势民主”、“公民治理”的兴起及信息技术的提高,公民参与公共决策成为未来的发展趋势。有效决策模型解决了公民参与公共决策存在的无序性、非公益性及非均衡性等问题,为我国公共决策模式的发展提供了指导方向,我国应坚持精英主导下的公民参与公共决策模式。     

Uncertainty perception in bidding for Product-Service Systems under competition

This research investigates what impact of uncertainty perception arising from the existence of competition has on the pricing decision for Product-Service Systems (PSS) under uncertainty. PSS provision is an increasingly important area for many businesses and competition increases cognitive pressures on providers even further. We present an experimental study with industrial costing and bidding experts from the defence and aerospace sector. The study consisted of an experimental set-up via two questionnaires which differed in the existence of competition in the bidding scenario. The findings showed that bidding decision makers changed their evaluation of the cost estimate due to the introduction of competition but kept their evaluations of the profit margin and price bids constant. Furthermore, the participants listed the relevant sources of uncertainty that influenced their decision-making process. This research contributes to the literature in two ways. First, our findings showed that predictions from current theory regarding decision-making of cost estimation and pricing are not confirmed when competitively bidding for PSS. Second, we show uncertainty sources that influenced the decision makers and identified p the importance of internal processes of the PSS provider and environmental uncertainty.     

利益集团视角下的三农问题现状及对策研究

本文针对三农问题,首先运用集体行动理论,考察农民群体无法形成有竞争力的利益集团的原因：在此基础上通过建模构划出政府决策机制作为框架,对政府决策过程中力量悬殊的利益集团和群体之间的博弈结果进行分析;进而考察了现实中政府的城市偏向性政策形成的机理;最后从促成农民利益集团的形成、增强农民利益群体的力量和优化博弈三个角度提出政策建议。     

造纸厂商品浆替代草浆扩改工程水环境影响分析

以COD作为评价因子,对扩改工程造低废水排入长江后对长江的影响程度与范围进行了预测,得出在正常排放情况下影响较小,在非正常放情况下影响较大,同时提出了控制水污染的措施。     

The dynamics of tourism discourses and policy in Brazil

This article employs a Foucauldian inspired discourse analysis in order to unveil hidden aspects of the tourism development policy-making process in the UNESCO Espinhaço Range Biosphere Reserve, Brazil. It identifies the emergence of different representations of tourism development and demonstrates the process of social construction of sustainable tourism as an overarching discourse, which incorporates different—sometimes opposing—representations of tourism development to gather the support of people with different backgrounds and interests. However, this research demonstrates that this flexibility caused the sustainable tourism narrative to become a vague and imprecise discourse in the context of the case study, which has been used by the regional elites to conserve the status quo, but disguised as a critical alternative perspective.     

Cognitive flexibility and adaptive decision‐making: Evidence from a laboratory study of expert decision makers

Research Summary : How can strategic decision makers overcome inertia when dealing with change? In this article we argue that cognitive flexibility (i.e., the ability to match the type of cognitive processing with the type of problem at hand) enables decision makers to achieve significantly higher decision‐making performance. We show that superior decision‐making performance is associated with using semiautomatic Type 1 cognitive processes when faced with well‐structured problems, and more deliberative Type 2 processes when faced with ill‐structured problems. Our findings shed light on the individual‐level mechanism behind organizational adaptation and complement recent work on strategic inertia. In addition, our findings extend management studies that have stressed the relevance of cognitive flexibility for responding to the demands of increasingly open, flexible, and rapidly changing organizations. Managerial Summary : Humans are creatures of habits. We tend to prefer known courses of action over new ones. In many cases, habits are good. However, when things change in unpredictable ways, the past may not be good guidance for the future. We argue that “cognitive flexibility”—the ability of understanding when to rely on habits vs. when to explore new courses of action—enables managers to switch from a “fast” decision mode, based on habits, to a “slow,” more deliberate decision mode that facilitates the exploration of new courses of action. Managers high in cognitive flexibility reflect on the situation at hand, recognize and value diversity in viewpoints, and integrate such diversity in their own decision processes. By valuing diversity, they are more likely to overcome inertia.     

退耕农民参与长效性激励机制的产权分析

通过外部性理论解释了“退耕还林”中农民参与长效性不足的原因,介绍了我国现行的以个体承包制为代表的激励机制,指出了现行个体承包制中存在的产权制度不完整、产权落实不到位及界定模糊等问题,详细分析了这些问题对农民参与长效性的负面影响,并从私人收益保障和生态效益补偿两个维度提出了若干建议。     

企业投资项目比选决策方法研究

由于信息不对称或者有些投资项目本身没有先例可循,企业投资项目存在很大风险.为了较全面地考察项目投资所面临的各种因素,作出合理的项目投资决策,采用多属性决策中确定属性权重的熵权法联合决策者对属性重要性认识的主观权重和用于排序比较的TOPSIS法,为企业投资项目的比选决策提供一种新的决策方法.该方法综合考虑了决策者的主观权重和投资项目各影响因素信息之间固有的客观权重、综合考虑了风险和收益的多方面因素对投资项目作出比选决策.最后举一项目投资比选实例加以说明.     

基于村级尺度的农村水贫困评价——以常德澧县梅家港村为例

以WPI为基本框架,结合南方农村社区水资源系统的特点,从水资源状况、供水设施、利用能力、使用效率和环境状况五方面选择24个指标,建立一套南方农村社区水贫困评价指标体系.采用分级打分法量化数据,构建综合指数评价模型,并对湖南澧县梅家港村水贫困水平进行评价.结果表明:梅家港村的WPI指数值为46.567,呈现一定程度的水贫困现象.其水贫困主要表现在水资源使用效率低下、环境状况堪忧以及供水等水利基础设施相对落后等方面.该项研究说明,我国南方自然水资源条件优越的农村地区同样有可能存在不同程度的水贫困问题.     

Arbitrators’ characteristics and decision-making records,gender of arbitrators and grievants,and the presence of legal counsel as predictors of arbitral outcomes

Labor arbitration helps define employee and employer rights and responsibilities. Evidence indicates that the advocates at arbitration tend to concern themselves with issues unrelated to the facts of the case or to the rights and responsibilities of the parties involved. More specifically, before the hearing, management and union advocates often dwell on issues such as the importance of the arbitrators’ personal characteristics and their decision-making history, the likely effects of the gender of arbitrators and grievants, and whether the presence of legal counsel impacts the arbitral outcomes. The purpose of this study is to examine whether these non-case-related factors actually can be associated with differing awards by arbitrators. This study may be the first in which the arbitrators’ decision-making history (award orientation) is a primary issue. Of all the issues studied, the arbitrator’s disciplinary award orientation is the only one with a consistent impact on arbitral outcomes. We conclude that the energy and resources expended by the advocates concerning non-case-related issues would be better spent in preparing their cases for arbitration and in examining the potential impact of arbitration on the rights and responsibilities of management and its employees.