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991.
This paper provides a new perspective on the relationship between countries׳ international reserve holdings and financial crises: while the “local” view holds that reserves may prevent domestic crises, it overlooks that the accumulation of reserves relaxes the financing constraint of the reserve currency country and may cause a financial crisis in the centre, which is transmitted globally. According to this “global” view reserve accumulation might destabilize the international financial system. Since the crisis affects all countries alike, the accumulation of reserves imposes a negative externality on non-accumulating countries.We integrate this idea in a theoretical model of the optimal amount of reserves and illustrate the gap between local and global optimality: the consideration of systemic risk lowers the demand for reserves. Moreover, if a supranational authority determines the optimal level of reserves, it internalizes the negative externality and accumulates fewer reserves. A macroprudential tax on reserve hoardings might implement the socially optimal solution. Our calibration analysis shows that these considerations are economically significant: they lower the optimal amount of reserves in the benchmark case by 45%. 相似文献
992.
Chee-Hong Law 《Applied economics letters》2018,25(8):535-538
Some observations have suggested that international reserves contribute to trilemma policy convergence in emerging countries. Nonetheless, this hypothesis needs more solid empirical evidence to determine its validity. This article tests this hypothesis by examining the relationships among the index of policy dispersion, international reserves and trade openness in a threshold model in Malaysia. As a small open economy, Malaysia has accumulated a relatively large amount of international reserves since the mid-1990s. The results indicate that the positive impact of international reserves on reducing policy dispersion or achieving policy convergence is found only if the international reserves are above a threshold. Hence, this conclusion supports the need to hold a relatively high level of international reserves in Malaysia. 相似文献
993.
通过对马克思关于人的本质的“社会关系总和”的语义分析 ,认为马克思讲的利益是其主张的人的本质的内容。这可以从人性包含的个人、社会、自然之间的矛盾予以系统的理论证实。人性内因的七个要素是肉体、需要、认知、实践、活动、时间与空间。人学与唯物辩证法是马克思主义的两个基石 ,由此可知生产力包含人、财产、知识等三个基本方面 ,知识取代财产支配社会是历史的必然性。 相似文献
994.
The safe minimum standard (SMS) is a decision rule to preserve renewable resources, unless the social costs of doing so are intolerable. While unpersuasive to many, support for the SMS has been advocated by some economists for settings involving irreversibility and a high degree of uncertainty. The objective of this paper is to explore decision-making involving species preservation versus development within an experimental laboratory setting, and involving uncertainty. The experimental design implements a number of prior game-theoretic investigations of the SMS (Bishop, 1978; Ready and Bishop, 1991; Palmini, 1999), involving insurance, and lottery or combined games against nature. The choices are between species preservation, which possibly provides a cure for a disease, or developing habitat, leading to irreversible depletion. Econometric results from a random parameters logit model, using responses from 117 participants (across both U.S. and Mexican university student samples) and 9 treatment choices, indicate that support for the SMS varies across the type of game, the imposed maximum regret condition concerning the relative magnitude of the costs of disease and net benefits of development, a constructed measure of respondents' risk aversion, and other factors. There is also strong evidence of unobservable heterogeneous preferences for preservation within our sample. 相似文献
995.
Jalal U. Siddiki 《Empirical Economics》2000,25(2):297-313
In this paper, we explore the determinants of black market (BM) exchange rates in India using annual data from 1955–1994 and integration and cointegration analysis. Two important factors, namely the import capacity of official foreign exchange reserves and restrictions on international trade, have largely been ignored as determinants of BM rates. We stress the importance of these two factors and incorporate them, with others more familiar in the literature, in our theoretical and empirical model for BM rates in India. Our empirical findings show that a low level of official foreign exchange reserves negatively and a high level of trade restrictions positively affect BM rates. We show that the flexible Bretton Woods exchange rate policies for India in 1973 have a negative impact on BM rates. The results also reveal that interest rate policies positively affect BM rates. Thus, our empirical model lends support to the trade and monetary approaches to BM rates and hence, trade restrictions with excess money supply should be removed to eliminate the BMs for forex in India. First Version Received: September 98/Final Version Received: January 2000 相似文献
996.
古树名木崇拜习俗普遍存在于浙江山区各地。本文探究其历史渊源,叙述了西天目山“大树王”等古树神树的传说,并将崇拜古树名木的主要形式归纳为五种:寄拜、治病、除邪、祛灾及祭祀。随后,探讨了这一习俗在教育人们爱护自然、保护生态,规范人与自然关系行为以及提升整个社会成员保护生态自觉性三个方面的生态意义。 相似文献
997.
试图运用契约经济学研究科研合同的契约性质。通过对科研合同的契约经济学分析,指出了科研合同的不清晰契约特征与不完全契约性质。 相似文献
998.
张昆仑 《广西财经学院学报》2012,3(3):41-44
西方经济学将“经济人”视为人类的本质属性的观点是错误的。“经济人”不过是人类生存与发展的一种内在机制。与“经济动物”相比,“经济人”具有五个特征。按照不同标志,“经济人”可以划分为五大类别。深化“经济人”研究具有重要的理论意义和现实价值。 相似文献
999.
论实践美学的自然的人化学说 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
徐碧辉 《沈阳工程学院学报(社会科学版)》2008,4(1):4-9
自然的人化是李泽厚实践美学的核心概念,这一概念是在60年代的《美学三题议》中提出来的,此后这一概念被反复论述,其内涵也不断得到扩展、补充和完善.李泽厚提出的外在和内在自然人化的完整学说,是对马克思自然人化理论的一个深化,在某种意义上也是对马克思理论的一个发展.它使得马克思主义美学对于美和美感的本质有一种合理的解释,并为进一步研究美和美感的具体形成机制、结构等留下了广阔的空间. 相似文献
1000.
在服装设计领域,仿生设计一直是设计师经常采用的一种设计手段,为服装的造型和色彩添加了某种情趣和主观意念的内容,设计出能够满足人类生理和心理需求的服饰,体现了人类更深层次对美的追求。仿生设计从侧面拉近了人与人、人与自然之间的距离,使我们与自然更加贴近,回归自然。 相似文献