发展现代物流业的机遇、困难及对策建议

现代物流是“第三利润”的源泉,它是一个总的效果,而不是具体到参与物流的任何一方都会增加利润的。由此,文章在分析发展现代物流业的机遇、困难的基础上,提出了现代物流集约化的承担方式的建设性意见。     

基于机会成本的铁路公益性运输收益损失计算方法

建立铁路公益性运输的核算制度能有效解决铁路公益性运输与商业性运输收益核算模糊的问题。引入机会成本的概念,定义铁路公益性运输收益损失为按照商业性运输的成本收益率而计算的理论平均收益与实际收益的差值,提出一种铁路公益性运输的收益损失核算方法。重新划分铁路公益性运输的范围,提出三级结构的铁路公益性运输划分方法,介绍了基于此方法划分的七类公益性运输如何获取成本与收益的相关数据。     

Emissions and exposure costs of electric versus conventional vehicles: A case study in Texas

The emissions and human exposure impacts of electric vehicle (EV) adoption, especially in comparison to conventional gasoline- or diesel-powered engines, depend on numerous factors including geography, electricity generation, and fuel mix. Results of any analysis also vary depending on the nature of data collected and their level of aggregation by time or location. This paper combines several approaches to develop a robust estimate of these impacts specific to the state of Texas by considering marginal emissions by time of day, as well as location of vehicle and power plant emissions. The authors estimate health and other external costs of operating an EV in the state at approximately $62 per year, compared with an average of $136 for a passenger car powered by gasoline.     

Estimating Switching Costs in Mobile Telephony in the UK

This paper uses multinominal and mixed logit on British consumer panel data from 1999–2001 to estimate switching costs in mobile telephony. The results of the estimation show that consumers of mobile services in the UK face significant switching costs which vary according to network operators. Network operator choice is also explained by observed and unobserved heterogeneity in consumer tastes. Furthermore, the probability of switching depends on consumer characteristics such as age and the ways they spend their free time.      

企业促销活动存在的误区与防范

促销策略对企业来讲,就是通过一系列的活动向消费者传递信息,刺激消费者的需求,激发消费者的购买欲望,达到扩大商品销售目的。正确制定并合理运用促销策略是企业在市场竞争中取得有利的产销条件、获取较大经济效益的必要保证。企业在促销活动中往往存在重形式轻实质,促销成本高,效果不理想。缺乏有机结合,顾客满意度不高等误区,企业应更新促销理念,做好成本预算,整合促销策略,研究消费心理来加以防范。     

Estimation of traffic accident costs: a prompted model

Traffic accidents are the reason for 25% of unnatural deaths in Iran. The main objective of this study is to find a simple model for the estimation of economic costs especially in Islamic countries (like Iran) in a straightforward manner. The model can show the magnitude of traffic accident costs with monetary equivalent. Data were collected from different sources that included traffic police records, insurance companies and hospitals. The conceptual framework, in our study, was based on the method of Ayati. He used this method for the estimation of economic costs in Iran. We promoted his method via minimum variables. Our final model has only three available variables which can be taken from insurance companies and police records. The running model showed that the traffic accident costs were US$2.2 million in 2007 for our case study route.     

Courts and contract enforcement in transition agriculture: theory and evidence from Poland

The paper investigates theoretically and empirically the role of courts for contract enforcement in transition agriculture. In a survey of 306 Polish farmers conducted in 1999, only 38.5% respondents reported to believe that they could use courts to enforce contracts with their most important customer. Furthermore, those who believed the legal system could be used would accept significant financial losses before taking action. We develop a theoretical model, based on the costs and benefits of court enforcement, which captures the boundary between contracts to be regarded as 'enforceable' and 'not-enforceable' and, simultaneously, the threshold of taking legal action. The empirical analysis strongly supports our model: (1) the farmers' responses can be explained by cost-benefit calculations regarding the use of courts, (2) the legal 'enforceability' of contracts depends not only on the efficiency of the legal system but also on the attributes of the transaction, the contracts and the relationship between buyer and seller and (3) the threshold of taking legal action is significantly influenced by indirect costs of court enforcement, such as the disruption of a valuable business relationship, and by the availability of alternative enforcement mechanisms.