对几种常用抗结核类药物的分析研究

当人类迈入2000年的今天,抗结核药物的研究已经获得了更进一步的发展,其中最引人注目的主要是利福霉素和氟喹诺酮这两大类药物,尤以后者更为突出。抗结核药物是结核病化学治疗(简称化疗)的基础,而结核病的化学治疗是人类控制结核病的主要手段。结核病化疗的出现使结核病的控制有了划时代的改变,全球结核病疫情由此得以迅速下降。本文就这一带给人类巨大贡献的事物进行阐述。     

Consumer Believability of Information in Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) Advertising of Prescription Drugs

Direct to consumer (DTC) advertising has attracted significant research attention, yet none has focused on empirical assessments of its overall impact on U.S. consumers nationally, and tying assessment to relevant behavioral outcomes. This paper addresses the ethical issue of DTC advertising providing a balance of product and risk information that is both understandable and believable, and contributes direction to those exploring this phenomenon. Richard F. Beltramini is currently Professor of Marketing in the School of Business Administration at Wayne State University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin, and served on the faculty of Arizona State University for fifteen years. His teaching interests include advertising and marketing management, research, and strategy. His primary research focus is on the believability of marketing communications information, and he has published in the Journal of Advertising, Journal of Advertising Research, Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Marketing, and a variety of other journals, conference proceedings, and books as well as co-editing Gift Giving: A Research Anthology. Dr. Beltramini has served on the Editorial Review Boards of a number of academic journals, as guest editor of special issues of the Journal of Business Ethics and the International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, as international president of the American Academy of Advertising, as a member of the American Advertising Federation's National Academic Committee and several other professional and business organizations, and is active as a consultant to several international organizations. He is the recipient of several national competitive grants and awards for his teaching and research, including the National Science Foundation, is the only faculty recipient of both his school’s Excellence in Research and Excellence in Teaching awards, and is currently the first Board of Visitors Faculty Fellow. Prior to academe, Dr. Beltramini worked for Texas Instruments, Inc. and The Drawing Board, Inc., both in Dallas, and he has also worked as a Visiting Research Professor for J. Walter Thompson Advertising in Chicago, Honeywell Information Systems in Phoenix, and the Federal Trade Commission in Washington, D.C.     

当前我国孤儿救助体系的现状与问题

近年来,随着儿童恶性事件的频繁爆发,国家不断加大对孤儿的救助力度,对孤儿的养育、教育、医疗、康复和成年后的就业、住房也做了制度安排,但孤儿的安置渠道不完善、救助体系不科学使得超过三成孤儿仍然没有得到经常性的制度救助。而想要改善中国的孤儿救助体系,让所有孤儿都能在基本生活、教育、医疗、住房等方面有所保障,必须优化孤儿保障制度、建立健全监督管理体系、缩小地区及城乡差距、加强心理建设等,如此才能从根本上解决问题。     

非处方药的网络DTC营销

本文旨在为非处方药网络DTC营销策略提出建议。通过文献收集和资料分析后,本文初步得到以下结论:(1)全球OTC市场中,我国以11%的增长率成为增长最快的地区;(2)2006年我国网络营销市场规模突破60亿;(3)超过80%的城市居民对一些可自我识别的疾病或某些慢性疾病进行自我药疗;(4)截至2007年1月,我国网民总数为13700万人。基于此,本文认为电子邮件营销,网络DTC广告和DTC网站这三种网络DTC营销方式的发展前景看好。     

我国零售药店实行药品分类管理的影响因素分析

药品分类管理制度的实行直接关系到药品资源的有效利用,直接关系到确保人民用药安全和我国人口素质。为全面了解和把握我国零售药店实行药品分类管理的现状和影响因素,文章对全国零售药店进行随机抽样的调查问卷进行了统计分析。结果显示,药店所在地经济状况、地理位置、有无执业药师或药学相关人员等是零售药店实行药品分类管理的影响因素。在此基础上文章提出了强化意识、重点引导与扶持、人才培养与加强监管等相应对策建议。     

Narco‐frontiers: A spatial framework for drug‐fuelled accumulation

Based on historical and ethnographic research conducted in a region of northwest Colombia and drawing on the stories of novelist Gabriel García Márquez, this article develops the analytical concept of “narco‐frontiers” to help disentangle the confusing political economy of agrarian spaces affected by the violence of the drug war. As socially produced spaces, narco‐frontiers emerge through the convergence of four interlocking processes: uneven development, internal colonialism, political violence, and narco‐fuelled dispossession. Although often depicted as “ungovernable” or “stateless” spaces, narco‐frontiers are wracked by extra‐legal regimes of rule in which the state is simply one actor among others. With the drug trade inducing violent agrarian change all over the world—from Colombia to Afghanistan, Burma to Central America—this article offers a spatial‐historical framework for understanding these dramatic transformations.     

The price effect of allowing non-pharmacy outlets to sell OTC drugs in Korea

By the amendment of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act in 2012, non-pharmacy outlets (confined to 24-hour convenience stores) in Korea were permitted to sell 13 over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. This article empirically examines the effect of the regulatory reform on OTC drug prices. To do so, we use county-level price data of 7 OTC drugs for the years of 2012 and 2013. Among them, 2 OTC drugs are available at non-pharmacy outlets due to the deregulation, and the remaining 5 are still only available at pharmacies. Employing a difference-in-differences estimation strategy, we find that after the regulatory reform, prices of the 2 OTC drugs increased by only 1.1% while those of the rest 5 increased by 6.5%. This result has implications for the government’s policy of designating non-pharmacy outlets that can sell OTC drugs from the viewpoint of consumer welfare.     

Updated trends in US brand-name and generic drug competition

Objective: To provide updated evidence on US trends in: market exclusivity periods (MEPs, time between brand-name drug launch and first generic competitors) for new molecular entities (NMEs); likelihood, timing and number of Hatch-Waxman Act Paragraph IV patent challenges; and generic drug penetration.

Methods: This study used IMS Health National Sales Perspectives^TM US data to calculate MEPs for the 288 NMEs experiencing initial generic entry between January 1995 and December 2014, the number of generic competitors for 12 months afterward (by level of annual sales prior to generic entry), and generic penetration rates. The likelihood, timing and number of Paragraph IV challengers were calculated using data from Abbreviated New Drug Approval (ANDA) letters, the FDA website, public information searches, and ParagraphFour.com.

Results: For drugs experiencing initial generic entry in 2013–2014, the MEP was 12.5 years for drugs with sales greater than $250 million (in 2008 dollars) in the year prior to generic entry ($250 million?+?NMEs), 13.6 years overall. After generic entry, brands rapidly lost sales, with their average unit share being 7% at 1 year for $250 million?+?NMEs, 12% overall. Ninety-four percent of $250 million?+?NMEs experiencing initial generic entry in 2013–2014 had faced at least one Paragraph IV challenge, an average of 5.2 years after brand launch (76% and 5.9 years for all NMEs). NMEs faced an average of 5.1 and 6.2 Paragraph IV challenges per NME, for all and $250 million?+?NMEs, respectively.

Limitations: Analyses, including Paragraph IV calculations, were restricted to NMEs where generic entry had occurred.

Conclusion: The average 2013–2014 MEP of 12.5 years for $250 million?+?NMEs, 13.6 overall remains consistent with prior research. MEPs are lower, and Paragraph IV challenges are more frequent and occur earlier for $250 million?+?drugs. Generic share erosion is also greater, and continues to intensify for both NME types.     

论我国药品费用快速增长的原因与控制

本文将我国现阶段药品生产领域的基本状况、药品流通领域的基本状况、药品价格管理模式,以及基本药物制度建设进展情况作为我国药品费用的现实基础进行研究,发现并分析其中存在的问题,为控制药品费用提供方向性的参考。     

我国医药企业创新药合作研发风险治理

我国药物研发和产业发展进入跨越式创新阶段,越来越多医药企业与高校、科研机构、合同外包研究机构(contract research organization, CRO)进行研发合作,合作研发的每一环节都面临着较大风险。结合创新药研发历程识别各环节组织合作情况,分析我国医药企业创新药合作研发面临的风险;基于Rasmussen社会系统层次模型,建立5层级创新药合作研发风险框架,通过对百济神州创新药合作研发项目案例分析,构建合作研发风险Accimap模型,结合信息流传递途径,厘清我国创新药合作研发风险层次间致因因素的影响路径。采用PSR(pressure-state-response,压力-状态-响应)模型,针对我国创新药合作研发风险提出对策与建议。