Cost-effectiveness of glatiramer acetate and interferon beta-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis,based on the CombiRx study

Background:

To assess the cost-effectiveness of the Disease Modifying Treatments (DMT), Glatiramer Acetate (GA) and Interferon beta-1a (IFN) in monotherapy alone and in combination for the prevention of relapses among Spanish patients aged between 18–60 years old with established Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS).

Methods:

A Markov model was developed to represent the transition of a cohort of patients over a 10 year period using the perspective of the Spanish National Health Service (NHS). The model considered five different health states with 1-year cycles including without relapse, patients with suspect, non-protocol defined and protocol defined exacerbations, as well as a category information lost. Efficacy data was obtained from the 3-year CombiRx Study. Costs were reported in 2013 Euros and a 3% discount rate was applied for health and benefits. Deterministic results were presented as the annual treatment cost for the number of relapses. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed to test the robustness of the model.

Results:

Deterministic results showed that the expected annual cost per patient was lower when treated with GA (€13,843) compared with IFN (€15,589) and the combined treatment with IFN?+?GA (€21,539). The annual number of relapses were lower in the GA cohort with 3.81 vs 4.18 in the IFN cohort and 4.08 in the cohort treated with IFN?+?GA. Results from probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that GA has a higher probability of being cost-effective than treatment with IFN or IFN?+?GA for threshold values from €28,000 onwards, independent of the maximum that the Spanish NHS is willing to pay for avoiding relapses.

Conclusion:

GA was shown to be a cost-effective treatment option for the prevention of relapses in Spanish patients diagnosed with RRMS. When GA in monotherapy is compared with INF in monotherapy and IFN?+?GA combined, it may be concluded that the first is the dominant strategy.     

The impact of pharmaceutical innovation on longevity and medical expenditure in Sweden, 1997–2010: evidence from longitudinal,disease-level data

We use longitudinal, disease-level data to analyze the impact of pharmaceutical innovation on longevity and medical expenditure in Sweden, where mean age at death increased by 1.88 years during the period 1997–2010. Pharmaceutical innovation is estimated to have increased mean age at death by 0.60 years during the period. The estimates indicate that longevity depends on the number of drugs to treat a disease, not the number of drug classes. Pharmaceutical innovation also reduced hospital utilization; the estimates indicate that an increase in the number of drugs commercialized for a disease reduces the number of hospital days due to the disease 8 years later, primarily due to its effect on the number of hospital discharges. The cost per life-year gained from the introduction of new drugs is estimated to be a small fraction of leading economists’ estimates of the value of a 1-year increase in life expectancy.     

基本药物制度的实施对无锡市社区医药消费行为影响分析

基本药物制度已成为一个全球化的概念,是一个国家医药卫生政策的核心。建立国家基本药物制度是惠及民生的重大制度创新,是我国近期医药卫生体制改革的重点和难点。文章以无锡市为例,研究了基本药物制度实施对社区医药消费行为的影响,并提出了相关建议。     

TDP联合季德胜蛇药治疗急性痛风性关节炎

目的:研究TDP治疗器联合季德胜蛇药对急性痛风性关节炎发作的治疗效果。方法:选择急性痛风性关节炎发作患者60例,随机分为治疗组30例,对照组30例。治疗组予以TDP治疗器联合季德胜蛇药照射治疗;对照组予秋水仙碱口服治疗。根据治疗前后症状和实验室检查判定疗效。结果:治疗组总有效率91.2%,对照组总有效率57.1%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P相似文献   

浅谈在螺旋装药中如何提高TNT的利用率

根据螺旋装药的工艺特点及现有设备状况,为提高TNT的利用率,文章通过修复与改进现有设备、改进钻头与钻孔工艺及优化装药螺旋杆等措施,实践证明改进后大幅提高了TNT的利用率。     

印度仿制药产业现状及发展策略浅析

印度制药业充分利用本国专利法和国家药品政策,以及国际上相关的药品法规的不完善,抓住发展机遇,实现了从单纯仿制到仿研结合、自主研发的转变.从?20?世纪?80?年代末,印度制药企业大量制造仿制药,至?2000?年前后,印度药品?50%?以上(大部分为仿制药)供出口,成为全球药品出口大国.印度生物制药企业能够生产生物仿制药?40?余种,2012?年,其生物仿制药市场达到?5.8?亿美元.印度仿制药产业的成功带给我们诸多启示,如:应注重国际知识产权游戏规则的研究;应有效利用外包,以提升自主研发的能力,等等.     

欧盟推动科学文化资源数字化的主要措施

欧盟极为重视科学文化对经济社会可持续发展的重要意义,把欧盟科学文化资源数字化看作是对欧洲未来的投资,采取了一系列措施,从组织机制、政策法律、技术研发等方面大力推动科学文化资源的传播、保护和再利用。我国正处于全面建设小康社会、加快转变经济发展方式的攻坚期,党的十七届六中全会提出推进文化强国的战略,因此,推动我国科学文化资源数字化,对提高我国综合国力意义重大。通过对欧盟利用ICT技术推动科学文化资源数字化的政策措施进行分析和研究,以使我国相关机构了解欧盟文化资源数字化的发展动向,促使我国借鉴发达国家经验,采取积极措施,推进其科学文化资源数字化的发展。     

The war against drug producers

This paper develops a model of a war against illegal drug producers. This war occurs on two fronts. First, to prevent the cultivation of crops the state engages the drug producers in conflict over the control of land. Second, to impede further the production and exportation of drugs the state attempts to eradicate crops and to interdict drug shipments. The model includes an interested outsider who uses both a stick and a carrot to strengthen the resolve of the state in its war against drug producers. We use numerical calibrations of the model to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of Plan Colombia. The authors wish to thank an anonymous referee, Michelle Garfinkel, Jean Hindriks, Carlos Esteban Posada, and Marc St-Pierre for helpful comments and suggestions, as well as seminar participants at Brown, Yale, the CEPR conference on Crime and Conflicts, Marseilles, October 2004, LACEA, San José, November 2004, the AEA meetings, Philadelphia, January 2005, the ESWC, London, August 2005, and Banco de la República. Herschel Grossman died on October 9, 2004 in Marseilles during a conference where we were presenting this paper.