China＇s Urban and Rural Old Age Security System： Challenges and Options

I. Introduction In the process of economic transition, China has adopted an urban-priority reform approach in establishing its old age security system, which conforms to international development experiences. China’s rapid aging of people with low-incomes, however, is unprecedented compared with other developed or developing countries. The urban-priority reform ensures a relatively high coverage in urban areas, whereas it imposes a heavy burden ofold age support on rural households. Current …     

江苏应对人口老龄化问题的政策研究报告

对南京、扬州、张家港等地老年人的生存和精神状况进行实地调研，深度剖析江苏人口老龄化问题及其相关政策。江苏城镇养老服务社会化工作已初见成效，但是存在老年社会保障财政压力渐显、老年社会保障差异化加剧、现行老年保障体系呈现“碎片化”状态等问题。针对现存问题，提出完善江苏老年社会保障体系的对策和路径。     

美国养老保险制度改革及其对我国的启示

养老保障制度已有上百年的历史,在众多的养老保障制度中,美国的养老保险制度经过长期发展和不断调整,已被公认为国际典范之一。为了应对老龄化危机,完善我国养老保障制度,提高全民养老保障水平,有必要根据我国现有的养老保障制度和社会经济发展状况,合理地借鉴美国养老保障制度的成功经验。     

Evaluating the Financial Performance of Pension Funds: An Individual Investor's Perspective

Pension funds require the managerial expertise of financial intermediaries, who must be paid a fee or spread. The spread significantly reduces the value of the pension fund over longer holding periods, and implies significantly greater incentive conflicts for defined contribution-funded pension funds than for defined benefit-funded pension funds. The magnitude of the intermediary spread and those factors affecting the demand for financial intermediary reputation and the marginal fee for this reputation are examined for a sample of 66 defined contribution and 54 defined benefit Australian pension funds during 1991–93. The intermediary spread significantly reduces the average net return provided to individual investors, particularly for defined contribution pension funds. Agency-related factors affecting the demand for financial intermediary reputation and its marginal fee reflect underlying contract-based differences between these types of fund.     

Retirement Age Considerations for Central Europe

The paper analyzes the arguments for and possible consequences of an increase in the statutory retirement age in central Europe, including the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. The analysis reflects the current and projected demographic and economic developments, and discerns the long-term trends from the specific aspects of transition. As for the long-term trends, the paper offers a simple framework for calculation of the intergenerational transfers through pensions under different reform scenarios. The calculations confirm that, in the aging central European societies, down-sizing of the existing pay-as-you-go schemes, including an increase in the statutory retirement age, is necessary to sustain solvency and intergenerational fairness in the public provision for retirement. The paper argues, however, that proposals to increase the retirement age in central European countries need to enhance their assessment of the possible counter-productive effects, which may arise due to the low working ability, poor health status and high occupational and environmental risks faced by the population.     

商业银行信用风险形成机理分析

该文首先概述了企业过度负债现象及其负面效应 ,然后研究了国有商业银行信用风险的形成机理 ,揭示了其内在原因 ,即资金不能吸收。     

现收现付制——我国养老保险模式的最佳选择

目前,我国养老保险体系向部分基金积累制转轨过程中遇到了转制成本、隐形债务等一系列问题。事实上,我国不宜向基金积累制转轨,基金积累制的国际实践并不理想,其本质上具有不能增加福利、管理成本高昂、外部条件不具备等缺陷。而我国现阶段具备"艾伦条件"仍然满足、人口高龄化程度相对较低、可吸收大量新增工业人口加入养老保险体系等有利因素。对此,现收现付制仍然是我国养老保险体系的最佳选择。     

资本市场投资回报率与我国养老金体系改革

理论上，投资回报率的高低是我国养老金体系转轨能否成功的关键。本文指出，我国建立基金制养老金体系面临极为特殊的背景——高工资增长率和低投资回报率。基于这个背景，本文认为现阶段进行体制转轨的时机还不成熟，当前需要大力提高我国养老基金的投资回报率或者为提高投资回报率创造条件。本文最后提出了关于提高我国养老基金投资回报率的几点建议。     

构建我国养老保险制度的思路

养老保险作为市场经济条件下的混合产品 ,其制度的构建 ,不应仅仅局限于各类企业 ,还应涉及到行政事业单位 ,乃至农村的农民。制度的建立应具有全面性、稳定性、连续性和时效性。     

构建城市空巢老人社区养老模式的研究

随着现代化进程的加快，A4f]的价值观也随之发生变化，进而家庭结构也发生了转变。于是产生了所谓的“空巢家庭”。如今空巢家庭的数量逐渐增加，已不再是个别家庭所面临的问题，而是成为一种社会现象和社会I＂1题。然而空巢老人的养老问题更是成为学者们关注的重点。由于我国的特殊国情和传统观念的限制，社区养老模式成为我国老龄化发展的必然选择。