学习就业是历史发展的必然要求——论就业结构转换

本文从分析生产力的基本职能出发,揭示出随着生产力的发展,劳动生产率的提高会越来越多地释放出生产就业者,日益发达的生产能力会生产出超过人们购买能力的产品（含服务品）。这里主张将这些剩余的人力物力用于学习就业,反过来学习就业又可以进一步推动生产力发展,形成互为促进的积极意义。然而,市场经济并不能自动将这些剩余的人力物力配置到学习就业上,以改革传统的财政收入方式,增强社会再分配能力来发展学习就业事业就成为我们可供选择的路径。     

“环保费改税”提高了重污染企业全要素生产率吗？

《环境保护税法》的实施为检验“环保费改税”的效果提供了准自然实验。以2015—2020年沪深A股重污染行业上市公司为样本,采用双重差分模型（DID）检验了“环保费改税”对重污染企业全要素生产率的影响。研究结果表明：“环保费改税”显著提高了税费负担提标地区重污染企业的全要素生产率,整体上支持了“波特假说”;但是,税费负担提标地区重污染企业全要素生产率的提高并非源于“环保费改税”引发的创新补偿效应,而是源于“环保费改税”增加了资源配置效率。上述结果支持了“波特假说”有关“环境规制优化了资源配置效率进而提高企业生产率”的结论。进一步分析发现,“环保费改税”对税费负担提标地区重污染企业全要素生产率的提升效应在民营企业和研发投入强度大的企业中更显著。     

Performance pay and changes in U.S. labor market dynamics

A shift in the design of labor compensation occurred at around the mid-1980s in the U.S. and deals with an increased role of performance pay in driving the cyclical movements of wages. Using a DSGE model we show that this structural change accounts at least qualitatively for many observed changes in the U.S. labor market dynamics. It generates the disappearance of the procyclical response of labor productivity to non-technology shocks and the reduction of the contractionary effects of technology shocks on hours. Moreover, it is conducive to a drop in the volatility of output, a parallel increase in the volatility of wages and to changes in unconditional correlations consistent with what documented in the U.S. between the pre- and post-1984 periods.     

员工教育与中国制造业企业生产率——基于世界银行调查数据的研究

通过构建异质性企业模型,本文从理论上探讨了员工教育对企业生产率的作用,并基于世界银行2012年中国制造业企业调查数据进行检验。结果显示:在控制人口和经济密度等因素基础上,各省(市)平均出生率是企业员工教育合格的工具变量;提高员工教育水平可显著促进制造业企业生产率增长。另外,员工教育在大企业中对生产率的促进作用明显高于中小企业;资本密集度提高有利于发挥员工教育对企业生产率的促进作用;生育率与员工教育负相关,出生率每增加1‰,员工平均教育将减少0. 423年。在添加控制变量、分组检验和更换工具变量后,所得结论依然稳健。     

长江经济带农业绿色生产效率及其时空分异特征研究

［目的］从静态分析和动态分析两个方面,阐释长江经济带农业绿色生产效率和农业绿色全要素生产率的时空分异特征以及生产率增长来源,以期为提高长江经济带农业绿色发展质量提供科学决策依据。［方法］文章基于资源环境约束的角度,利用MinDS模型和Global Malmquist Luenberger指数相结合的方法,测算长江经济带农业绿色生产效率和农业绿色全要素生产率,并将农业全要素生产率变化分解为纯技术效率变化（PEC）、纯技术变化（PTC）、规模效率变化（SEEC）和规模技术变化（SETC）4个部分。［结果］（1）长江经济带农业绿色生产效率水平较高,且呈不断增长趋势,下游地区的农业绿色生产效率高于中、上游,且中、上游与下游地区的差距不断拉大; （2）长江经济带农业绿色全要素生产率增长较快,以3年为1个周期,呈现波动式上升趋势,其增长主要源于纯技术进步和规模技术提高; （3）长江经济带下游农业绿色全要素生产率增长率最高,上游次之,中游最低,其中,下游农业绿色全要素生产率增长主要源于纯技术进步,中游是纯技术效率改进、纯技术进步和规模技术提高共同作用的结果,上游则源于纯技术效率改进、纯技术进步和规模效率提高。［结论］长江经济带上、中、下游三大区域的农业绿色发展水平和发展能力存在较大差异,需制定差异化政策,以调整农业增长模式,促进农业转型升级,实现高质量发展。     

创业板上市公司全要素生产率分析——基于DEA—Malmquist指数法的实证研究

本文选取50家创业板上市公司2007-2011年间的面板数据,使用DEA-Malmquist指数法对其全要素生产率的变动进行测算,并对全要素生产率变动的驱动因素进行分解,以分析创业板上市公司在上市后是否是通过生产率的提升实现内生性增长。研究结论是,50家样本公司在2007-2011年间呈现出全要素生产率的负增长（-6．2％）。其中,技术进步的贡献为-6．9％,纯技术效率改进的贡献为2．2％,规模效率改进的贡献为-1．5％。各年度样本公司的全要素生产率增长率呈现出递减趋势。     

Productivity and Welfare

Technical change is generally characterized by a rate and biases, both evaluated for given producer prices. This paper examines the potential discrepancy between this rate and the corresponding rate of consumer welfare change as measured by Allais distributable surplus. We postulate a general equilibrium context with various market failures (taxes, quotas, imperfect competition, and “poorly priced” commodities), and use comparative statics to express the rate of welfare change in terms of the rate and biases of the technical change. An elementary simulation model of a taxed economy suggests that the rate of welfare change may differ from the rate of technical change by as much as 50% under plausible circumstances.     

提高出生人口素质的孕前—围孕保健模式的再讨论

随着人口再生产类型和疾病模式发生根本性的转变,我国政府已对提高出生人口素质和出生缺陷预防给予了高度重视。在过去十年中,随着对孕前保健和出生缺陷-级预防重要性认识的逐步加深,我国出生缺陷预防工作正努力从产前—围产保健模式逐步扩展到孕前—围孕保健模式。尽管如此,近几年的实践表明出生缺陷预防模式的转变依然面临诸多的挑战。对孕前—围孕保健预防模式相关的几个问题进行了讨论,包括计划怀孕的重要性、-级预防应采取何种策略、能力建设和发展。     

CDM 20 years after

ABSTRACT

In year 1998, the seminal paper Research Innovation and Productivity: An Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level was published in this journal. The empirical framework, following on ideas in the research of Zvi Griliches at the NBER and commonly labeled CDM (the acronym of the three authors’ names, Crépon, Duguet and Mairesse) is one of the most influential contributions in recent literature on economics of innovation. The original CDM paper and papers inspired by its framework have received hundreds of citations in the empirical innovation literature. Whether directly linked or not to the CDM framework, the flow of studies improving on and enlarging the scope and methods of the empirical literature on R&D, innovation and productivity is continuing. Some of them, for example, focus on financing innovation, innovation and employment, innovation and trade, competition, or intellectual property; some adopt a managerial perspective, while others prefer an innovation system approach in a Schumpeterian tradition, etc. This introduction to the special issue of EINT surveys a collection of 12 papers on the CDM model by 25 authors from eight countries. The papers take stock of the evolution of research based on the original CDM model launched 20 years ago, linking it to the previous literature, and proposing developments and generalizations of it in various dimensions.     

Trajectories in human domination of ecosystems: Human appropriation of net primary production in the Philippines during the 20th century

The “human appropriation of net primary production” (HANPP) has been suggested as a comprehensive indicator to measure impacts of human land use on ecosystems. It accounts for (a) human-induced changes in biological productivity and (b) biomass harvest. This study presents an analysis of aboveground HANPP in the Philippines between 1910 and 2003, a period characterized by massive deforestation and increases in land use intensity and biomass extraction. Results show a steep increase of aboveground HANPP from just below 35% of potential productivity in 1910 to slightly above 60% in 1970 and constant values since then. Large-scale changes in land cover and agricultural practices were the main direct determinants of this trajectory in HANPP. Remarkably, HANPP grew at much slower pace than population did: While the amount of NPP appropriated by humans doubled throughout the period, population increased by a factor ten. Increasing efficiency in terms of biomass extraction per unit of area, relying on ever-increasing inputs, and changes in the nation's physical biomass trade balance were of major importance for this difference in growth rates. In the coming decades, the Philippines will have to face the challenge to meet increases in biomass demand without putting even higher strains on the ecosystems.