Design and evaluation of road pricing: state-of-the-art and methodological advances

This article provides an in-depth review of the state-of-the-art and describes methodological advances in the design and evaluation of road network pricing schemes. A number of paradigm shifts from the two polar cases of the marginal social cost pricing of road traffic congestion and revenue-maximizing road toll pricing are analyzed, as induced by the need to address realistic design complexities and constraints. The crucial role of the joint consideration of pricing strategies with optimal capacity provision and several network management measures is manifested and an integrated evaluation framework is suggested to incorporate a wide range of road pricing impacts into the scheme design process.     

评《阿拉比》的艺术构建

在短篇小说《阿拉比》中,詹姆士·乔依斯采用独特的叙述策略,别具一格的背景设置与氛围描写,精妙 的象征手法,并使三者相互映衬交融,揭示主题,成就了与众不同的艺术构建,显示了作者独特的创作技巧。     

PRICE‐SETTING BEHAVIOR IN TURKISH INDUSTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM SURVEY DATA

This study investigates the price‐setting behavior of Turkish industries based on the results of a survey that was conducted by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. The results show that, under normal conditions, the majority of the firms follow a time‐dependent pricing rule but when significant events occur a substantial fraction of them alter their behavior to state‐dependent reviewing. The median Turkish firm reviews its prices every month, but changes its prices four times a year. Price reviews and changes are affected by: the market share, price discrimination, customer type, firm size, and the existence of regulated prices.     

转型期中国公共意识形态政策的议程设置——以高校思政教育的十六号文件为例

中国公共意识形态政策的议程设置机制是什么？本文以大学生思想政治教育领域的中央十六号文件为典型案例,探讨导致这一类政策出台的多方面因素。通过对于媒体触发、最高领导层意志和意识形态工程三种解释模式的说明和比较,本文发现,政治流中政府意识形态的变化、政策流中专家的调研和建议,以及具有准公共性质的媒体力量在中国公共意识形态政策的议程设置过程中发挥着重要作用。本文最后提出,现阶段中国公共意识形态政策的变迁正逐渐摆脱革命时代的权威强势控制,以一种开明的权威主导模式的面貌出现在公众面前。     

周边环境与旅游景区和谐的调控机理探析——晋陕重点旅游景区例证

在景区周边涌现出大量与景区不协调问题的同时,人们对景区所处背景环境的标准却在提高,因此忽视周边环境与景区完整性的做法已不适应新时代旅游者的需求。未来景区竞争已延伸到景区周边环境范围。为此建议在景区规划管理工作中,应建立可行的周边环境与景区协调机制。结合晋陕几个重点旅游景区实例,建立起景区周边环境与景区协调机理的递进轮动循环模式,分别从理念革新、管理协调、规划指导三个层面分析。认为,要确保景区科学发展,就必须重新认识周边环境价值,使得景区能对周边环境采取主动的针对性保护措施,参与周边环境管理,进行规划。     

膛口动态感应装定通讯链路实时测试方法

膛口动态感应装定通讯链路可靠性的实时测试方法是在膛口装定信号发射线圈外增加了一级测试线圈,用于实时接收与弹上感应线圈相同的装定信号;在炮口外设置了由两级激光发射与接收装置组成的启动装置,可以有效地防止误识别与误触发。仿真和实验表明,本测试方法可有效解决膛口动态感应装定测试时机确立的问题,达到对膛口动态感应装定信号实时测试的目的。     

Target Setting in Hierarchies: The Role of Middle Managers

We explore how a supervisor's hierarchical rank affects the extent to which employees’ targets reflect their past performance. Literature documents that supervisors do not fully ratchet targets for past performance, arguably because the commitment not to penalize successful employees with more difficult targets alleviates the severity of the ratchet effect. We argue that commitment is less credible in organizational hierarchies where a middle manager sets employees’ targets. Using data from an organization comprised of three hierarchical layers, we consistently find that a middle manager's exposure to performance pressure is positively associated with the ratcheting of the employees’ targets. Moreover, we show that management at headquarters reduces a middle manager's performance pressure when most of her employees missed their targets in the previous period. Overall, the results imply that the hierarchical rank is an important determinant of the credibility of a supervisor's commitment to deemphasize past performance in target setting.     

A participatory framework for conservation payments

This paper describes a participatory framework used in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala to analyze the future viability of different conservation measures in a cloud forest area. It presents how in the case of conservation initiatives, participatory developed instruments could provide the incentive for farmers to reinforce or introduce conservation measures in their farming systems to preserve habitats, reduce species disruptions and alleviate poverty. A model's architecture was created with stakeholders of different settings of the region of study. Together, baseline-scenarios and policy-scenarios on land use and income generation were developed. The paper investigates the potential impacts of different policy measures for conservation and poverty reduction through the instrument “payments for environmental services”. Aim was to integrate social, economic and environmental aspects.     

常用继电保护的定值计算

继电保护定值计算和整定是继电保护工作中的一项必不可少的内容。本文根据对配电系统继电器保护和微机综合保护装置的研究,给出了实用的计算依据。     

How does(n't) Urban Shrinkage get onto the Agenda? Experiences from Leipzig,Liverpool, Genoa and Bytom

This article discusses the question of how urban shrinkage gets onto the agenda of public‐policy agencies. It is based on a comparison of the agenda‐setting histories of four European cities, Liverpool (UK), Leipzig (Germany), Genoa (Italy) and Bytom (Poland), which have all experienced severe population losses but show very different histories with respect to how local governments reacted to them. We use the political‐science concepts of ‘systemic vs. institutional agendas’ and ‘policy windows’ as a conceptual frame to compare these experiences. The article demonstrates that shrinkage is hardly ever responded to in a comprehensive manner but rather that policies are only implemented in a piecemeal way in selected fields. Moreover, it is argued that variations in institutional contexts and political dynamics lead to considerable differences with regard to the chances of making shrinkage a matter of public intervention. Against this background, the article takes issue with the idea that urban shrinkage only needs to be ‘accepted’ by policymakers who would need to overcome their growth‐oriented cultural perceptions, as has been suggested in a number of recent writings, and calls for a more differentiated, context‐sensitive view.