地方政府与污染企业动态博弈分析

近年来,中央和地方政府相继出台了一系列保护环境的激励政策和相关措施,但效果并不理想。人口的压力,资源的短缺,环境的胁迫,生态的危机,这一系列的世界性问题,已经成为21世纪中国乃至世界急需考虑并解决的问题。为了实现经济与环境的可持续发展,近年来,中央和地方政府相继出台了一系列保护环境的激励政策和相关措施,但由于外部性和公共产品属性等因素的存在,环境治理过程中存在市场失灵。为了探求这一现象背后的原因,本文利用博弈论的分析方法进一步考虑财政补贴、税收、罚金等系数对企业支付函效的影响,在更为一般的条件下分别建立政府监管部门和企业的完全信息条件下静态博弈模型和无限阶段重复博弈模型,并且讨论了多种因素对局中人的影响,并导出企业的最优策略和纳什均衡解,以揭示环境治理政策设计的经济机理和提出优化我国节能减排政府政策设计的一系列政策建议,旨在为提高我国节能减排政府政策设计的效果提供理论论证和现实见解。     

Full-cost pricing in the classical competitive process: A model of convergence to long-run equilibrium

In the last 10–15 years a lot of attempts has been devoted to study the calssical process of convergence of market prices toward natural prices. The two forces that one has thought could achieve this target were capital mobility, that determines the dynamics of output, and demand-supply forces, that determine the dynamics of prices. In this article a model of classical competition is proposed in which a full-cost pricing mechanism is adopted in the rule of evolution of market prices. An asymptotical stability result of long-run equilibrium is proved for a two-commodity model with and without a final demand.     

Sampling equilibrium, with an application to strategic voting

We suggest an equilibrium concept for a strategic model with a large number of players in which each player observes the actions of only a small number of the other players. The concept fits well situations in which each player treats his sample as a prediction of the distribution of actions in the entire population, and responds optimally to this prediction. We apply the concept to a strategic voting model and investigate the conditions under which a centrist candidate can win the popular vote although his strength in the population is smaller than the strengths of the right and left candidates.     

The Importance of the Exchange Rate Regime in Limiting Misalignment

This paper explores how the choice of a country’s exchange rate regime may affect exchange rate misalignment for developing and developed countries. A measure of misalignment is obtained by using a panel cointegration vector estimator. This paper finds that for developing countries, an intermediate exchange rate regime (a regime falling somewhere between a pure float and a hard peg) is most effective in preventing exchange rate misalignment. Additionally, the choice of an exchange rate regime as a means to limit misalignment matters for developing countries, but does not seem to matter for developed countries.     

城镇社区安全管理模式的经济学分析

城镇社区安全是社会安全与稳定的基础。本文基于纳什均衡和帕累托理论,对城镇社区安全管理模式进行了经济学分析。结果显示,为实现社区安全管理资源的帕累托最优,需要改进现有的安全管理制度,通过契约协作的方式,协调社区联盟中每户居民的安全支出,以避免“搭便车”现象的发生。基于上述经济学理论分析,最后提出了有关实现社区安全管理制度创新的模式及相应对策措施。     

Is there a case for carbon-based border tax adjustment? An applied general equilibrium analysis

Concern that unilateral Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reductions could foster carbon leakage and undermine the international competitiveness of domestic industry has led to growing calls for carbon-based Border-Tax Adjustments (BTAs). This article uses a global general equilibrium model to assess the economic effects of BTAs and comes to three main conclusions. First, BTAs can reduce carbon leakage if the coalition of countries taking action to reduce GHG emissions is small, because in this case leakage (while typically small) mainly occurs through international trade competitiveness losses rather than through declines in world fossil fuel prices. Second, even though the economic effects of BTAs vary somewhat depending on how they are implemented, their welfare impact is typically small, and slightly negative at the world level. Third, and perhaps more strikingly, BTAs do not necessarily curb the output losses incurred by the domestic Energy Intensive-Industries (EIIs) they are intended to protect in the first place. This is in part because EIIs in industrialized countries make important use of carbon-intensive intermediate inputs produced by EIIs in other geographical areas. Another, deeper explanation is that EIIs are ultimately more adversely affected by the existence of a carbon price itself than by any international competitiveness losses. These findings are shown to be robust to key model parameters, country coverage, targets and design features of BTAs.     

绿色经济发展中政府介入时机与政策选择——基于技术采用均衡时间的比较静态分析

发展绿色经济推进经济转型是实现科学发展的核心。市场自身转型的滞后是影响绿色经济发展的重要因素。转型具有公共物品的性质,公共财政的本质意味着政府介入从而消除滞后的合意性。绿色新技术采用的滞后是造成转型滞后的关键,新技术采用路径的均衡时间受多种因素影响从而滞后的程度也就不同;但均衡时间的比较静态分析结果表明,新技术创新的强度、市场需求、贴现率、技术采用成本、既有生产成本以及企业行为等因素的改变都会影响均衡的采用时间,这些都为政府的介入提供了基础。     

Limit-pricing as Bertrand equilibrium

Summary. We consider a Bertrand duopoly model with increasing returns to scale where one of the firms have a cost advantage and prices vary over a grid. We find that typically more than one equilibria exist. However, there are only two perfect equilibria. Moreover, as the size of the grid becomes small, both these equilibria converge to the limit-pricing outcome. Received: February 25, 2000; revised version: January 9, 2001     

基于边际成本分析的企业资源节约决策研究

边际成本分析能对具有技术可行性的企业资源节约措施作出经济合理性分析,即沿着资源节约效益等于边际成本情况下的速率节约资源,能够在一定程度上有效解决资源环境对企业发展的约束。依据边际成本均衡原理,企业在寻求最优资源节约措施组合方案降低资源消耗时,实际上就是在多种措施组合决策范围内寻求一条恰当的边际成本均衡线,此问题可通过建立目标规划模型解决。经实例计算验证,本文所提的决策方法是切实可行的。     

Sraffa's legacy

This review essay of Critical Essays on Piero Sraffa's Legacyin economics situates Sraffa's work in relation to the Marshalliantradition and neo-Walrasian general equilibrium theory, andreviews the current state of debate between adherents of thesetraditions on the role of demand, returns to scale, capitaltheory and policy analysis. Other issues considered includethe corn model, Sraffa's critique of Hayek, and the extensionof the capital theory critique to the intertemporal equilibriummodel.