The use of data envelopment analysis for the detection of price above the competitive level

Economic theory can predict the impact of exogenous influences on the equilibrium prices in a market. However, it is difficult to measure the magnitude of such effects because the appropriate data are usually not available. In this paper a new approach to comparing prices is explored using individual firm data which are typically available. If the firms in different markets can be assumed to use the same technology, price differentials can be inferred from the estimates can be assumed to use the same technology, price differentials can be inferred from the estimates of best practice frontiers. The new approach is applied to data on the Swiss construction industry in different cantons. In some cantons the market can be said to be competitive, in others non-competitive procurement rules are expected to raise equilibrium prices. The data envelopment analysis estimates the price differential to be approximately equal to 7.5%.Helpful criticism from participants of a seminar at the Business Institute of the University of Vienna are gratefully acknowledged.     

Fundamental equilibrium exchange rates and exchange rate dynamics

This paper examines whether there is a tendency for actual exchange rates to return to their fundamental equilibrium exchange rates (FEERs) when the latter are estimated based on popular exchange rate models. Co-integration tests and unit root tests are applied. There is little evidence that the exchange rates of Japan and Germany have a reversion to the purchasing-power-parity (PPP) rates or Williamson's FEERs or the underlying external and internal balance (UEI) FEERs.     

两个灰函数商的极限运算定理

本文在文[1]、[2]的基础上,研究了两灰函数商的极限运算定理。它是一般区间灰数的延伸。     

非完全竞争市场假设在CGE模型中的引入及应用

通过对部门生产函数及相关参数、系数的改造,将非完全竞争市场条件引入CGE模型,并模拟在完全竞争与不完全竞争两个不同市场结构下国际油价上升对我国经济的影响.结果表明,当油品市场设定为不完全竞争时,面对国际油价上升的冲击,GDP下降的程度大于完全竞争的情况.因此随着油品市场逐渐开放,油品市场的产出增加,可以增强我国石油产业和总体经济应对国际油价上升冲击的能力,应继续推动我国石油产业市场自由化的进程.     

Who will Meet China’s Import Demand for Forest Products?

Via computable general equilibrium modeling we find that as a result of economic growth, Yuan appreciation, and logging restrictions in China, China’s imports and exports of forest products would dramatically increase, and China’s imports would have displacement effects as timber-exporting countries would increase their exports to China while reducing their shipments to other countries. Such displacement effects would make pressure on forests in supplying countries less than they otherwise might be. Global economic growth is a dominant driving force for China’s imports. Russia, Southeast Asia, and Africa would remain major foreign suppliers of logs to China, while supply sources for Chinese imported lumber and paper products would be relatively diverse.     

人民币均衡汇率研究中的计量错误及其纠正

为了更加客观地评估人民币汇率水平,更科学地对待人民币升值的问题,本文指出了张晓朴(1999)、王维国等(2005年)在人民币均衡汇率研究中一个关键性的计量错误。这个错误导致了他们的所有实证结果不合理。通过模拟,本文纠正了这个计量错误,重新计算了该样本期内的人民币汇率失调。最后,本文追溯了他们计量错误产生的原因。     

Environmental coordination in dynamic oligopolistic markets

This article deals with the design of a coordination scheme which leads a set of firms competing on an oligopolistic market to achieve a global environmental constraint, for example, a global upper bound on some pollutant emissions. The concept of normalized equilibrium is used to design a noncooperative equilibrium under the global emission constraint. This equilibrium is based on the computation of a common multiplier for the global constraint, associated with a weighting vector, which indicates the relative importance given to each firm in the achievement of the constraint. This weighted multiplier is used to design an ad nominem tax scheme which induces the oligopolists to achieve the common global constraint. Finally it is shown that this equilibrium can be designed, for the long term, by restricting the analysis to an asymptotic equilibrium steady state, called turnpike equilibrium.Research supported by FNRS-Switzerland, FCAR-Quebec, and NSERC-Canada.     

Information Disclosure to Employees and Rational Expectations: A Game-Theoretical Perspective

This paper analyses the voluntary disclosure strategies of a privately informed firm manager when the information is relevant to both a financial market for valuation purposes and a union for wage bargaining purposes. Disclosure of favourable information may adversely affect the terms under which the firm can secure the required flow of labour and may thus lead to a decrease in the firm's market value. The paper shows that both a full-disclosure and a nondisclosure equilibrium may exist, which contradicts an earlier analysis of the issue made by Pope and Peel (1981).     

跨国公司与东道国关系制度分析

跨国公司与东道国之间的博弈结果是双方受益,因而是一种“正和博弈”。东道国的FDI制度以及跨国公司FDI制度都是这种博弈的均衡结果,通过内生博弈规则和外生规则内部化而完成了作为整体的FDI制度的自我维系过程。由于信息的不对称和国家的多重悖论,加剧了博弈的复杂性,因而形成了动态的、连续的多阶段均衡,其外在表现就是FDI输入既有连续性、规律性,又有波动性、不确定性。     

Temporary financial equilibrium

Summary. In a two-period pure exchange economy with financial assets, a temporary financial equilibrium is an equilibrium of the current spot and security markets given forecast functions of future prices and payoffs. The temporary equilibrium model can then be interpreted as an Arrow-Debreu economy where preferences depend on prices. This identification implies, among other consequences, the existence and the generic determinateness of the financial temporary equilibria associated with given forecast functions. Received: December 29, 1999; revised version: December 20, 2001