土地资源可持续发展的一个潜在危机

殡葬改革的初衷是不留骨灰,不占土地.但改革开放以来,在市场经济的拉动下,后火化过程异军突起,以墓地为标志的殡葬消费不断高扬,白色地甲不断蔓延,危害了土地生态的可持续发展.然而由于殡葬和土地资源归属于两个不同的部门和学科,这种深刻的生态危机一直未能引起社会和学界的普遍关注.本文通过对殡葬管理历史和现实的分析,提出在两种体制并存的条件下加强对后火化过程的强干预,引导殡葬消费,弘扬入土为安的中华文明,发展生态墓地和可降解殡葬用品,探讨殡葬管理的社会福利功效,把是否有利于土地资源的可持续发展作为殡葬管理的根本目标.     

农地城市流转规模决策模型

在综述前人研究的基础上,对农地城市流转规模的问题进行了理论探讨.在此基础上构建政府多目标条件下农地城市流转规模决策模型,并对其最优规模进行求解.最后就农地作为异质性商品时,利用特征价格模型对决策进行了探讨,研究认为:①农地城市流转决策是一种多目标决策,其效用指标的选取要注重经济因素、社会因素与生态因素的结合;②农地是一种典型的异质性商品,消费者消费农地的效用的高低往往取决于农地包含的特征种类和数量的多少.因此,决策者需要考虑其异质性;③对交错区的农地采取一味地保护,或者采取任由其不断发展的政策都是不利于经济的发展的,政府进行农地城市流转规模决策时,必须采取积极的措施协调城市化发展与区域性粮食安全之间的关系.     

Land,Gender, and Food Security

Since 2008, a surge in large-scale land acquisitions, or land grabs, has been taking place in low- and middle-income countries around the globe. This contribution examines the gendered effects of and responses to these deals, drawing on nine studies, which include conceptual framing essays that bring in debates about human rights, studies that draw on previous waves of land acquisitions globally, and case studies that examine the gendered dimensions of land dispossession and loss of common property. Three key insights emerge: the evolving gender and land tenure literature provides valuable information for understanding the likely effects of land deals; some of the land deal issues transcend gender-equity concerns and relate to broader problems of dispossession and loss of livelihoods; and huge gaps remain in our knowledge of gender and land rights that require urgent attention and systematic integration of gender analysis into mainstream research.     

人力资本与社会资本视角的西安农民工城市融入实证研究

通过建立模型,对人力资本、社会资本与农民工城市融入的关系进行多元回归分析。分析表明,农民工人力资本中的文化程度、技能培训和健康状况与农民工城市融入呈显著正相关,以农民工寻找工作时间、交往范围和参加社会组织情况为代表的社会资本对农民工城市融入有着显著影响。为促进进一步城市融入的实现,政府与社会均应积极采取有效措施,充分提升农民工的人力资本和丰富其社会资本,加快我国城市化的健康发展与新型城镇化战略的推进落实。     

农村土地集体所有制对劳资关系形成的积极影响及启示

农村土地集体所有制作为一种"普照的光",使中国劳资关系形成跨越了残酷的原始积累阶段,避免了劳资关系发展初期易发的尖锐冲突,使中国劳资关系伴随着工业化城市化进程协调发展。社会主义公有制不仅需要而且可以与市场经济相结合,并使市场经济的作用得到有益发挥。必须坚定不移走社会主义道路,积极发挥社会主义基本制度的优势,更好更快地推进中国现代化进程,实现中华民族伟大复兴。     

小城镇建设与土地利用问题及对策——以南京市为例

小城镇建设是社会各界关注的热点,其中一个核心问题就是土地利用问题。本文分析了小城镇建设对土地集约利用的正负面影响。以南京市为例,提出了小城镇发展过程中的诸多问题,并对兼顾小城镇健康发展和土地合理利用的对策及机制进行了探讨。     

Public Open Access and Private Timber Harvests: Theory and Application to the Effects of Trade Liberalization in Mexico

A common popular assertion is that trade liberalization encourages deforestation. But whether this is true depends on how trade policies affect the allocation of land among competing uses and how they influence illegal cutting of public forests. A model is presented that allows for forests to be either public or private, and public forests are divided into protected (or managed) and threatened categories. Effects of price changes are shown on each part of the forest. An empirical version of the model is applied to the case of Mexico with NAFTA. Most scenarios considered show that NAFTA will have positive long-run effects on forest cover in Mexico but that this is net of losses on private lands.     

Land use externalities, open space preservation, and urban sprawl

Parcel data on residential land conversion are used to investigate how land use externalities influence the rate of development and modify policies designed to manage urban growth and preserve open space. Several “smart growth” policies are found to significantly influence land conversion, including a development clustering policy that concentrates development and generates preserved open space. In addition to directly affecting a parcel's hazard rate of conversion, this policy is found to affect neighboring parcels' conversion by generating a positive open space externality that hastens their development. The implication that the clustering policy could generate a more sprawled pattern of development is explored using spatial simulation.     

Land Allocation between Food and Energy

Many countries are promoting biofuels as a substitute for scarce oil. This paper develops a dynamic model of land allocation between food and energy and shows how the model can be calibrated using standard optimization techniques. Some possible implications of the trade-offs between food and energy are discussed. Specifically, we show that the effect of mandates is mainly felt through increased land conversion, which increases indirect carbon emissions Crude oil prices do not decrease significantly because of leakages.     

广东相对资源承载力与可持续发展问题

本文提出了相对资源承载力的研究思路和方法,计算了1978-1995年广东省相对土地资源承载力、相对经济资源承载力和综合承载力及其变化过程.研究表明①经济资源是广东省人口的主要承载资源;②1989年以后,广东省的综合承载力超过实际人口数量,进入相对富余状态;③相对土地资源承载力与相对经济资源承载力的不协调发展是广东可持续发展中存在的主要问题之一.