三阶随机占优准则在证券选择中的应用

通常可以用分布函数和分住数函数描述随机占优准则,Man-Chung Ng列举的两个例子说明在三阶随机占优条件下用两种方法得到的结论是不一致的,这与Levy的观点相反。该文分别将这两种方法描述的三阶随机占优准则用于上海证券市场的基金选择,发现用两种方法在应用中得到的结论并不总是一致的。由此验证用Levy提出的分位数方法描述的随机占优准则进行实证研究是不正确的,一阶和二阶条件除外。     

Evaluating Projects and Assessing Sustainable Development in Imperfect Economies

We are interested in three related questions:(1) How should accounting prices be estimated?(2) How should we evaluate policy change in animperfect economy? (3) How can we check whetherintergenerational well-being will be sustainedalong a projected economic programme? We do notpresume that the economy is convex, nor do weassume that the government optimizes on behalfof its citizens. We show that the same set ofaccounting prices should be used both forpolicy evaluation and for assessing whether ornot intergenerational welfare along a giveneconomic path will be sustained. We also showthat a comprehensive measure of wealth,computed in terms of the accounting prices, canbe used as an index for problems (2) and (3)above. The remainder of the paper is concernedwith rules for estimating the accounting pricesof several specific environmental naturalresources, transacted in a few well knowneconomic institutions.     

浅析我国社会保障税的开征

社会保障税,又称社会保险税,是随着社会保障制度的产生、发展而逐步发展起来的,是当今世界上许多国家征收的用于筹集社会保障体系所需资金的税种或一种税收形式的缴款。对我国而言,社会保障税的开征是完善我国社会保障筹资方式,进一步健全我国社会保障体系的中心环节。开征社会保障税,放弃传统的社会统筹方式已是大势所趋。本文首先从建设现代公共财政、我国经济发展两个角度分析开征社会保障税的必要性分析,并从理论基础、经济基础、施行条件等角度分析了开征社会保障税的可行性。然后从征收范围及纳税人、课税对象、税率、课征与管理四个税法的构成要素对我国开征社会保障税展开设想,最后分析了我国开征社会保障税的配套制度。     

What tenure security? The case for a tripartite view

In the face of advancing urban informality in the developing world there appears to be increasing consensus that tenure security is an important engine driving settlement development. This has, however, not led to a consensus about what tenure security exactly entails. In both theory and policy, the idea of tenure security for low-income settlement dwellers is encountered in three distinct forms: tenure security as perceived by dwellers, tenure security as a legal construct and de facto tenure security. The main argument of this paper is that much controversy that surrounds the debate arises precisely as a consequence of the indiscriminate use of these different kinds of tenure security. To address this problem, a tripartite conceptualization of tenure security that incorporates its three constituent components (perception, de jure, de facto) and clarifies their interrelations is presented.     

关于解决地勘企业办社会的思考

结合地勘企业办社会且在改革过程中出现的一些新情况,提出尽快解决企业办社会的认识及解决这一问题的思路.     

开源节流构建社会保障筹资新机制

开源节流,构建社会保障筹资新机制,是筹集社会保障资金,加强资金管理与监督,推进社会保障制度改革的重要内容.文章提出,要多方筹集资金,为建立健全社会保障体系提供财力保障;加强资金监管,严把支出关,增强社会保障基金支付能力;编制独立的社会保障预算,为建立规范、完善、稳定的社会保障筹资机制奠定基础.     

基于人口规模和城市化水平测算的城乡建设用地需求预测研究——以辽东凤城市为例

以辽宁东部凤城市为研究区域,采用1997年至2005年凤城市的人口、经济等统计数据,从作为土地需求预测基础的社会化发展水平预测入手,利用不同的预测模型对凤城市的人口规模、城镇化水平进行预测,并通过对比各预测模型的测算数据,提出科学方案并做最优选择,最终得出适宜凤城市发展的测算数据,以此为依据预测城乡建设用地需求量,为凤城市城乡建设用地合理发展及新一轮的土地利用总体规划修编提供数据支撑和理论依据。     

Sound Security,Safe Beijing

With the approach of the longawaited event, Chinese authorities have geared up to intensify security prepa-rations. In line with the ＂people-oriented＂ and ＂athletes-centered＂ ideas, Beijing will spare no efforts to provide quality services and to build a safe and comfortable environment that will satisfy all the Games＇ participants.     

Focal area approach: a participatory community planning approach to agricultural extension and market development in Kenya

The focal area approach has been developed and applied by the public agricultural extension service in Kenya to harness the comparative advantages of various players for the overall development of rural areas. Participatory processes have been institutionalized in public extension and have brought new meaning to both extension and understanding rural development. The interactive engagement of smallholder farmers by public extension and the conducive environment created by the approach for other service providers to interact with communities has brought many advantages. The participation of women and youth, the poor and vulnerable groups in generating information and solutions to address food security and other rural needs has been impressive. The knowledge gained from the interaction has contributed in influencing policy change and research priorities. Smallholder farmers have formed common interest groups, which has enabled them to move from subsistence to business farming associated with increased knowledge, increased productivity and increased demand for produce. The approach has enabled extension service providers to reach more farmers per year than they did previously. The partnerships created between public extension with other institutions contributed to enhancement of knowledge and skills that has enabled the approach to spread to more areas in the country. Further capacity development among the extension providers and formulation of supportive policies that encourage demand-driven extension will lead to further improvement of the approach and scaling up.     

Women groups formed in response to public video screenings on rice processing in Benin

When the Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice)¹ introduced improved parboiling technology in Benin in 2006 through farmer-to-farmer video, it enhanced women's creativity and motivation to parboil more and better the quality of rice. Their rice attracted more buyers and fetched a higher price which increased their profits and strengthened the women's social cohesion. The video motivated women to start parboiling as a group and to express group-based requests for credit and training. However, newly established women's groups in villages with strong negative experiences from the cotton sector did not last because of fear and mistrust. The video helped local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to improve their training methods and strengthened their relations with rural communities and between the women rice processors and input and output markets. Although these NGOs responded by facilitating access to micro-finance institutions, they were unwilling to provide credit to the groups because of past bad experiences. Instead, informal credit suppliers proved more responsive. Rice producers who attended the open-air video shows at the same time as the women rice processors became more willing to sell them rice on credit. We discuss the conditions and challenges of farmer-to-farmer video in creating organizational and institutional changes among service providers and rural entrepreneurs.