A ‘Legislation-Check’ based on ‘3-D Sustainability’ - Addressing global precautionary land governance

This paper aims to provide a new and practical approach called ‘Legislation-Check’ to identifying shortcomings in national legislation in terms of how well it implements sustainable development, and ways of improving the legislation. National legislation was chosen as it represents a sort of ‘skeleton of society’ and defines the status quo, as well as setting the main environmental, societal and economic directions of the population covered.The approach presented is based on a new concept called ‘3-D Sustainability’, which focuses on the precautionary principle. 3-D Sustainability provides criteria in a flexible hierarchy for solving conflicts of interest between economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainability. In this paper, these criteria and dimensions are applied to various sectors of Austrian national environmental legislation to identify the shortcomings of the legislation and ways of addressing these shortcomings.This paper shows, by way of quantitative data, a significant increase in the use of sustainability related terms in generally applicable legal instruments (both federal and provincial) in Austria since 2003. In qualitative terms the results of the paper further indicate, using national environmental legislation, several hierarchical disorders between different legal acts and opportunities for improving them. Furthermore, inadequacies in the way that the legislation handles sustainable development and a total lack of overall objectives and targets in terms of sustainability are highlighted, which can jeopardise sustainable development.The concept of ‘3-D Sustainability’ has not previously focused on national legislation, despite the practical importance of the legal implementation and enforcement on this geographic level. Hence, this paper contributes, through scientifically-based decision support, to practical pathways for the innovation of institutional, procedural and substantive arrangements in existing legislation.The approach presented in this paper is not restricted to environmental issues, but is applicable to all thematic areas. It is also not geographically limited, but could be implemented in any country and also beyond national borders. Furthermore, the approach can be easily replicated and provides systematically gained results for global governance change towards sustainable development.     

The implementation and the future of development plans

Summary

Once again the planning system of England and Wales is being reviewed. This paper considers criticisms of development plans, and proposals for changes, including those of the Department of the Environment (DoE) and Welsh Office in the consultation paper, "The Future of Development Plans: a Consultation Paper”, September 1986, with some of the reactions to it, and also The Nuffield Foundation report, "Town and Country Planning”, 1986. A focus of this critique is the effectiveness of development plans, in particular regarding the questions of implementation and resources. It is concluded that it is the co‐ordination of the provision of public resources, which are needed to implement plans and policies, that requires the attention of the Government, with adequate national and regional planning guidelines, rather than the abolition of Structure Plans.     

东部沿海快速发展区耕地变化及影响因素分析——以山东青岛平度市为例

本文以山东省面积最大的县(市、区)青岛平度市为例,基于1990年至2008年18年间的土地调查数据,分析了自1990年以来耕地变化趋势,并通过研究耕地变化与其它地类变化之间的相互关系,分析了耕地变化的直接影响因素。     

林业应对气候变化的系统性思考

从气候变化的概念界定、成因、影响以及林业在应对气候变化领域占据的重要地位入手,以系统理论为基础,着重分析了林业应对气候变化的作用机理,指出应对气候变化背景下的各种林业活动存在着耦合与协同关系,共同构成一个复合系统,该系统同时又是一个典型的耗散系统,存在着熵增的自发趋势。选择合理的系统结构和有效的管理模式,对系统进行内外部关系协调管理,增强负熵持续流入,抵消系统正熵产生,可使系统始终处于有序的耗散结构状态、不断进化。林业应对气候变化的管理机制主要包括运行机制、动力机制和约束机制。林业碳增加、碳贮存和碳替代是主要的运行机制,这三种运行机制共同耦合成一个复合系统。准确把握三种运行机制的作用关系,并在此基础上通过各种动力机制和约束机制不断对三种运行机制构成的复合系统输入负熵流,可以促使其走向耦合、协同共生,表现出协同进化的发展趋势。     

发挥中国林业优势 积极应对气候变化

阐述了林业与气候变化的关系,以及国际社会关于林业在减缓与适应气候变化中的特殊功能和重要作用的共识,介绍了中国政府推进林业应对气候变化工作采取的重大政策和取得的重大成就,提出了进一步加强林业应对气候变化工作的对策措施。     

The sources of bank productivity growth in China during 2002–2009: A disaggregation view

This study investigates the sources of bank productivity growth in China over the period 2002–2009. In order to perform this research, we propose an advanced index – input slack-based productivity index (ISP) – a model that disaggregates total factor productivity growth into each input productivity change. Funds, capital, and employees are chosen as the inputs, whereas loans and other earning assets are outputs in this study. Our results show that technological gains transcend the efficiency regressions and result in total factor productivity growth. More specifically, technical progress in capital productivity reveals the dominant force behind the total factor technical change and productivity improvement. In addition, this paper uses these disaggregation terms to find out the competitive advantages and disadvantages of input usages for each Chinese bank. These findings indicate that the ISP index provides more insights than traditional total factor productivity indices.     

谈新时期中国广告中女性形象的渐变

在中国广告史上,旧时期,由于性别歧视、男性话语唯一性等原因,女性形象在广告中受到不公正的对待.新时期广告中的女性形象则有了很大改善和提升,这是因为社会主义制度的确立和实行改革开放政策,使得女性社会地位有了根本性的提高;也是由于传媒和广告策划者重视改善广告中女性形象的结果.今后随着时代的发展和社会的进步,广告要进一步从新的角度展示女性形象.     

组织变革情境下的员工应对策略研究——内涵、维度、前因与结果

当变革的推动者把目光集中于战略蓝图、组织发展和技术支持时,那些变革承受者们的反应很容易被忽略。而无论是在管理学还是心理学研究的文献中,组织变革都被一致认为是会对组织员工产生重大压力的事件,因此员工的压力应对（coping）被认为是组织变革研究的新视角。文章首先对应对内涵和维度的理论阐述进行回顾,在此基础上对变革情境下员工应对策略选择的前因和结果进行归纳总结,最后从理论和实践问题两方面出发,着重探讨了目前研究的不足及未来研究的方向。     

‘Because it matters’

Basic economic logic, which often simplifies assessments and explanations of agricultural policy issues, is vitally important in communicating with policy-makers. Resources are limited, and there is a premium on getting decisions at least approximately right first time. Examples from southern Africa illustrate the importance of parity pricing, and its links to household food security (Lesotho), price risk, the emergence of an agricultural futures market, and its central role in allocating scarce agricultural resources (South Africa). Insights derived from an appreciation of parity pricing are relevant in other national contexts and also help explain how international grain markets operate. The parity pricing concept provides a framework for sense-checking complicated debates relating to two issues that have been prominent in recent years; first, whether and to what extent speculation in futures markets has been a driver of agricultural price spikes, and second, how far indirect land use change (ILUC), triggered by the use of agricultural feedstocks to produce renewable energy, is a material issue. These issues are likely to be of heightened importance in the face of climate change. Each emphasises that agricultural economics matters, and that it matters that we get the economics right.     

Using Segmentation and Prototyping in Engaging Politically-Salient Climate-Change Household Segments

Targeting messages to the different segments of a population is necessary to achieve support for policy addressing climate change. Finer segmentation and archetypal prototyping may be advantageous to provide an in-depth understanding of the most politically-salient segments. The research, conducted in Australia, used quantitative analysis to identify subsegments and prototypical respondents, followed by Jungian-style in-depth interviews to reveal the responses of segment representatives to different marketing stimuli. The results suggest that there are challenges in achieving majority support for action against climate change, but there are archetypal words and images that may garner action.