粤东西北与珠三角物流产业技术效率比较

运用DEA效率测度方法,通过对2013-2017年粤东西北与珠三角区域物流产业技术效率的对比研究,探索推动广东省区域物流协调发展的路径。结果显示:对比珠三角区域,粤东西北区域物流产业技术效率与珠三角区域存在较大差距,尤其是粤东与粤西地区,粤东区域物流产业技术效率值仅为0.4,粤西区域物流产业技术效率值为0.81,均远低于珠三角区域物流产业技术效率值0.94。纯技术效率低下是制约粤东西北地区物流产业技术效率提升的主要因素,应加强物流产业信息技术应用,推进物流技术装备现代化,提高技术创新能力水平。     

四川省重点生态功能区有机农业生产效率研究——基于三阶段DEA模型的实证分析

[目的]有机农业为我国农业绿色发展起到良好的带动作用,但我国有机农业发展中,西部贫困地区较为滞后。针对西部贫困地区有机农业生产效率进行定量分析,揭示影响有机农业生产效率的主要因素,旨在提高该地区有机农业生产效率,丰富区域视角下的有机农业生产研究。[方法]采用三阶段DEA模型对2014年四川省重点生态功能区有机农业生产效率进行量化分析,识别环境变量对有机农业生产效率的影响。[结果]环境因素和随机误差对四川省重点生态功能区有机农业生产效率产生了显著的影响。环境因素中,农民人均纯收入的增加有利于促使农机、耕地等资源的有效利用,但同时也导致化肥投入冗余增加;城镇化率的提高会降低耕地、劳动力、化肥、农药等使用效率,从而对有机农业生产效率产生不利影响;财政支出占GDP比重的增加有利于提高农机使用效率,但同时也导致化肥和农药投入冗余增加;粮食播种面积占耕地面积比重对有机农业生产效率产生了不利影响。剔除环境因素和随机误差的影响后,四川省重点生态功能区各县平均技术效率和规模效率有所下降,纯技术效率则略有提升。基于纯技术效率和规模效率,四川省重点生态功能区各县有机农业生产效率可分为"双高型""高低型""低高型"和"双低型"等4种类型。[结论]三阶段DEA模型有效剔除了环境因素和随机误差对有机农业生产效率的影响,估计的效率值更真实地反映了四川省重点生态功能区有机农业生产效率水平。针对四川省重点生态功能区各县有机农业生产效率的不同特征,应结合地方实际,通过扩大要素投入规模或改进要素配置效率和使用效率,提高有机农业生产效率。     

基于超效率DEA模型的中国农业科技资源配置效率动态演化研究

[目的]通过测算中国农业科技资源配置效率,分析存在的差异性,为配置效率的提升寻求有效措施。[方法]运用超效率DEA,对2001~2014年间中国31个区域的面板数据进行农业科技资源配置效率的全面评估,从中探究区域农业科技资源配置效率的变动趋势和时空特征,构建Malmquist指数以从技术进步水平和技术效率水平考察影响区域农业科技资源配置效率变动的因素。[结果]中国各地区整体的配置效率呈现上升趋势,超效率平均值从2001年的0.520上升到2014年的0.764;农业全要素生产率平均增长1.3%,其中综合技术效率指数年均增长4.2%、技术进步变化指数年均下降2.8%;从影响农业科技资源配置效率的技术进步和技术效率来看,技术效率已成为主要因素。从细分的6个区域来看,华东地区全要素生产率平均值最高,西北地区最低。从具体省份情况来看,有17个省(市、区)的全要素生产率指数大于1,其中天津、上海、广东、海南全要素生产率增长较快,年均增长率达到10%以上。[结论]提高中国农业科技资源配置效率,可采取优化农业科技资源配置结构,各地根据农业科技资源实际扬长避短、合作共赢,实施农业科技"走出去"战略等措施。     

中国城市土地利用效率空间分异特征及优化路径分析--基于287个地级以上城市的实证研究

研究目的：揭示全国地级以上城市土地利用效率空间分异特征,探寻城市土地利用效率优化路径。研究方法：DEA模型,分组比较法。研究结果：测度了地级以上城市土地利用效率,并将之分解为纯技术效率和规模效率,分析了效率变化的源泉。研究结论：（1）全国地级以上城市土地利用效率总体不高,具有较大的改善空间。在空间分布上,各城市效率值大小与其经济发展水平存在着对应关系。（2）纯技术效率对总效率的影响及制约能力强于规模效率。（3）大部分城市处于规模报酬递增阶段。不同等级和不同区域的城市所处的规模报酬阶段存在明显的差异。（4）城市土地利用中要素投入冗余现象严重,可以通过合理配置投入要素方式优化土地利用效率。     

广东水产品出口面临的技术性贸易壁垒及对策

比较分析广东水产品出口贸易和受阻情况,可发现不断增多的检测项目和日益严格的限量标准、不断升级的包装与标签要求、对出口企业实施注册登记备案制度和实施技术性贸易措施的国家不断增多是影响广东水产品出口的主要技术性贸易壁垒。根据当前广东水产品出口面临的形势和任务,广东水产品出口为更好地应对国外技术性贸易措施,应该建立与完善技术性贸易措施预警体系,完善检测技术体系,保护水生生态环境,主导或参与制定国际贸易规则,进行技术创新,提高产品质量,制定和实施市场多元化战略。     

贫困山区农户茶叶生产技术效率及影响因素研究

基于湖北省382份茶叶种植户调研数据,采用随机前沿生产函数模型“一步估计”法分析贫困山区农户茶叶生产技术效率和影响因素。研究结果表明:样本户茶叶种植存在较大改进空间;样本户资本和劳动力投入剩余;茶园的海拔、树龄、茶农是否加入合作社、种植面积、户主是否受过种茶培训等因素对农户茶叶生产技术效率有重要影响。因此,提出紧抓乡村振兴战略机遇,推动贫困山区茶产业高质量发展;建立茶产业“三项补贴”,改善茶园基础设施条件;优化茶叶种植布局,提高合作社服务水平;成立茶产业发展基金,加快培育职业茶农,以提高贫困山区农户茶叶生产技术效率。     

The distribution of returns from land efficiency improvement in multistage production systems

This paper assesses the distributional consequences of technical changes that improve the efficiency of land and of other inputs in a multifactor crop‐production system. We introduced an equilibrium displacement model (EDM) by using the specification of a factor‐augmenting approach. Given the uncertainty about the EDM parameters, a Monte Carlo simulation is used to produce a distribution of possible return measures. We found that land suppliers (likely farmers) receive a larger share (73%) of total benefits from the adoption of land‐technical change than they do from the adoption of other input technologies. Each input supplier receives a larger share of total benefits from technical change in her own input. However, this result is sensitive to the value of the parameters, especially the value of the elasticity of substitution. We applied the EDM to the case of no‐tillage (NT) to provide insight into how the aggregate return from the adoption of NT was distributed among different groups on the Canadian Prairies. The results of this study can be used by policymakers and funding agencies in order to influence landowners and farming communities to adopt environmentally sound land technologies to achieve both greater agricultural productivity and sustainability.     

Efficiency and Technical Change in the Philippine Rice Sector: A Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Analysis

Regional differences in total factor productivity, efficiency, and technological change in the Philippine rice sector are examined for the post-Green Revolution era. Malmquist productivity indices were constructed for 1971–90 and were decomposed into efficiency and technological change. The average annual Malmquist productivity growth was only slightly positive. Productivity growth was negative during the early 1970s, and was followed by a period of positive growth. Growth was negative again in the late 1980s. The period of positive growth coincided with the introduction of new rice varieties while the declines are likely to have been caused by intensification of rice production in lowland farming systems. Certain regions such as Central Luzon, Western Visayas, and Southern and Northern Mindanao had higher rates of technological change than others. This may be due to higher investments in infrastructure and education, increased adoption of tractors, and a better agroclimatic environment.     

Productivity Growth, Efficiency and Outsourcing in Manufacturing and Service Industries

This paper is a survey of recent contributions to, and developments of, the relationship between outsourcing, efficiency and productivity growth in manufacturing and services. The objective is to provide a thorough and up–to–date survey that provides a significant discussion on data, as well as on the core methods of measuring efficiency and productivity. First, the readers are introduced to the measurement of partial and total factor productivity growth. Different parametric and non–parametric approaches to the productivity measurement in the context of static, dynamic and firm–specific modelling are discussed. Second, we survey the econometric approach to efficiency analysis. The issues of modelling, distributional assumptions and estimation methods are discussed assuming that cross–sectional or panel data are available. Third, the relationship between outsourcing and productivity growth in manufacturing and services is discussed. The correspondence between a number of hypotheses and empirical findings are examined. Examples of varieties of relevant empirical applications, their findings and implications are presented. Fourth, measurement of inputs and outputs in manufacturing and services are discussed. Finally, to promote useful research, a number of factors important to the analysis of outsourcing, efficiency and productivity growth in the service sector are summarised.     

后发企业“逆向创新”成功因素研究——以海尔“小小神童”系列产品创新为例

本文通过对海尔“小小神童”洗衣机产品逆向创新的案例分析,总结了后发企业取得逆向创新成功的若干重要影响因素,即：选择同领先企业技术势差较小的产业领域,后发企业实现逆向创新的机会更多;后发企业在逆向创新过程中,必须充分发挥具有本土比较优势的创新资源要素;后发企业在逆向创新过程中需要依靠开放创新策略、技术与市场和管理创新紧密协同的策略支撑。