Analysis of Chinese Cigarette Competition Modes in the Government Monopoly Environment

As a main tax resource, cigarette industry brings about 10% of Chinese annual income. China is by far the largest producer of tobacco products of the world. The nation＇s policy and management mechanism are important elements greatly influencing the competition structure of cigarette industry. Due to the double characters of tobacco, the country generally imposes a high tax and a limited total product output in order to intervene the cigarette market. Therefore, the price signal of cigarette market is distorted and to large extent the competition of the industry is far from a free one, Presently cigarette industry is under the administrative monopoly management in China and meanwhile the cigarette producing is in a multi-element competition style within the nation＇s planning scheme. In other words, administrative monopoly and over-competition exist simultaneously in China＇s cigarette industry. The country predetermines the output quota of each cigarette manufacturing enterprise and the actual production outputs of these enterprises could be adjusted through the quota trades among them. The competition in cigarette industry is mainly represented in 3 modes, i.e. production output competition based on quota trades, value-added competition in producing and selling, and the niche market competition based on product classification.     

Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Incomes of Farmers and Intra-industry Trade of Agricultural Products

With the slashing reform towards liberalizing trade in the last two decades, the international trade of agricultural products between China and America is intra-industry trade in character. In this paper, we select two time series： incomes of farmers and Grubel-Lloyd index of intra-industry trade. Through cointegrating these two variables, we estimate an error correction model （ECM）. And it is found that increasing intra-industry trade of agricultural products can help raise incomes of farmers.     

论企业核心能力及其培育

文章简要介绍了核心能力的概念、特征及其对企业的重要性,提出企业核心能力应从思想力、远见力、创新力、整合力和市场力5个方面来进行培育,其中内部管理型和外部交易型两种战略是企业巩固和发展其核心能力的根本途径。     

In search of fair trade: ethical consumer decision making in France

While the market for fair trade products has been growing in many countries, this paper examines the French market where fair trade remains marginal but is experiencing growth. Using a modified Theory of Planned Behaviour framework the research examines consumer intention to purchase fair trade grocery products in order to explain the pertinent decision‐making criteria of both consumers of and potential consumers of fair trade. Results reveal that concerned consumers should not be treated as one homogeneous group, rather, the distinct variations in the factors that influence their decision making must be considered when promoting, labelling and distributing fair trade products. Implications for both sustaining and developing the market for fair trade products in the future are highlighted and discussed.     

海关检验工作新思路--建立海关检验标准化体系

海关检验是海关对进出口商品进行抽样检验的一种监管模式。本文通过对目前海关检验工作中存在的主要问题的分析，阐述了海关检验工作标准化建设的必要性，并就如何建立海关检验标准阐明了自己的看法。     

Measuring Restrictiveness of Bilateral Trade Policies: A Comparison between Developed and Developing Countries

This paper compares the degree of openness to trade of three developed countries markets—the European Union, Japan, the United States—with that of three middle-income countries, namely Brazil, India, and China. A theoretically consistent protection measure—the Mercantilistic Trade Restrictiveness Index (MTRI)—is employed to average tariffs at different levels of aggregation. The computation relies on a comparative static applied general equilibrium model (Global Trade Analysis Project—GTAP) featuring imperfect competition as well as on the bilateral applied tariffs included in the most recent version of the GTAP database. Results provide a different picture from what could have been expected given the widely publicized diffusion of preferential schemes supposedly favoring developing countries exports. JEL no.  F17, C68, Q17     

基于委托-代理的“走出去”或贸易选择分析

目前，我国企业进入国际市场主要采取两种途径：对外直接投资和进出口。除了政策引导外，企业选择“走出去”还是“进出口”需要进行经济分析。委托一代理理论可以给企业提供一个新的分析框架。从委托人的视角看，委托一代理成本一收益法可以衡量代理的效率。从代理方看，由于存在道德风险，声誉机制可以在一定程度上防止代理问题。在声誉机制下，如果子公司管理者选择任职，则企业可以进行对外直接投资；如果管理者选择离职或失业，则企业会通过贸易利用国际市场资源。     

What Determines Financial Development? Culture,Institutions or Trade

This paper endeavours to determine in how far theories emphasising cultural values, dysfunctional institutions or impediments to trade can explain the vast differences in the size of financial systems across the globe. To account for endogeneity, an instrumental variables approach is pursued. For a cross-section of countries, we find that trade openness and institutions constraining the political elite from expropriating financiers tend to promote financial development. Conversely, there is only limited evidence that cultural beliefs and the cost of enforcing financial contracts significantly hamper financial development. JEL no.  F36, G2, O16     

李嘉图模型与新兴古典贸易模型的比较

在杨小凯消费者—生产者模型研究的基础上,构建了考虑比较优势的新兴古典贸易模型,通过引进劳动生产率参数,得出了两国之间进行国际贸易的基本条件,证明了这一条件不仅与比较优势有关,还与两国固有的国际交易费用有关,从而证实了李嘉图比较优势理论存在的缺陷以及国家或地区之间进行自由贸易的必要性。     

美国的新重商主义与中国的贸易政策选择

当今全球贸易的迅猛发展，使人民的生活质量明显提高，同时国家和社会也得到充足的收入。近十年来，中国经济一直以10％左右的速度增长，到2007年底进出口总额首次超过2万亿美元，达到21738亿美元，在国际社会引起不同的反响，西方社会特别是美国刮起了“中国威胁论”的妖风。在贸易政策中新保守主义抬头，这种新保守主义与传统的经济理论相背离，是破坏力极强的“新重商主义”，中国必须制定出有效合理的贸易政策来应对“新重商主义”的挑战。