How Does Trade Openness Affect Regional Demographic Transitions? Evidence from China's Provincial Panel Data

This paper investigates the effect of trade openness and other variables on the demographic transition in China using the instrumental variables regression method based on provincial panel data for the period between 1981 and 2013. The results indicate that trade openness is one of the determinants of China's demographic transition and has two distinct effects: (i) an income effect that accelerated the demographic transition by increasing per capita income; and (ii) a human capital effect that suppressed the demographic transition by reducing human capital accumulation. The effects of trade on demographic transition vary across different regions. This study identifies the important determinants of demographic transition in China's regions, and has rich policy implications for demographic transition and the upgrading of trade structure.     

支持资源枯竭型城市转型的财政政策探讨

随着主体资源的不断减少,资源枯竭型城市必然面临转型的路径选择。在转型的过程中资源枯竭型城市受到资源匮乏、产业结构单一、生态环境恶化、社会矛盾突出等问题的困扰,需要用产业政策、财税政策、环境保护政策、社会保障政策等构建公共政策支持系统,破解城市在转型中的困境,财政政策是其中重要的因素之一。     

欧盟否认中国市场经济地位对中国及世界经济影响的剖析

研究目标：探究欧盟否认中国市场经济地位,对中国、欧盟及世界经济的宏观、产业以及贸易的影响。研究方法：将“非市场经济地位”折算为“反倾销等值税”,利用全球贸易分析模型针对欧盟对中国征收的进口关税进行计算。研究发现：欧盟否认中国市场经济地位不会缓解欧盟就业压力,反而使欧盟出口在中国总进口占比下降0.01个百分点;同时,全世界资源配置效率下降,进一步导致全世界整体福利下降;虽然欧盟否认中国市场经济地位使中国对欧盟出口减少约50.6亿美元,但中国向世界其他地区的出口量均有所上升;而且有利于中国产业结构优化,对供给侧改革有一定的激励作用。研究创新：将“非市场经济地位”折算为“反倾销等值税”。研究价值：在研究非数值变量时（如市场经济地位）,可利用其直接影响的变量（反倾销）造成的直接经济损失,折算为适当的指标变量（等值关税）。中国对世界经济的贡献和影响巨大,市场经济地位不容否认。     

RETHINKING THE RESEARCH FUNDING PROCESS: An Indian Perspective

In this paper I focus on the substantial research funding cuts announced by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) in March 2021 to examine the process of funding for and participation in global research projects for researchers based in Southern institutions. I focus here on three key aspects of participating in global research projects: first, the structures through which these grants are created—the programmatic frameworks or other imperatives that confine and limit this work to Northern/Western-centric frames; secondly, the precarity of these grants and the work that they generate; and, thirdly, the increasingly output-related and time-bound nature of work in light of limited support. I argue that the effects of these are felt disproportionately by those located in the global South and are therefore worth considering as part of larger debates centred on democratizing and decolonizing knowledge networks.     

基于拉曼光谱的类金刚石薄膜的热稳定性研究

利用阴极真空弧放电设备制备了表面光滑的类金刚石薄膜材料,通过多波长激发的拉曼光谱研究了不同退火条件下所制薄膜的热稳定性。实验结果表明,在小于400℃的温度处理下,类金刚石薄膜微观结构几乎不发生变化,薄膜处于稳定区;当温度升高至600℃,微观结构开始发生微妙的变化,认为处于亚稳定区;当温度升至800℃甚至1 000℃时,类金刚石薄膜的微观结构发生显著变化,薄膜开始出现石墨化,物理性质不能保持稳定。     

3-羟甲基四氢呋喃的合成研究

3-羟甲基四氢呋喃是合成第3代烟碱类杀虫剂呋虫胺和核苷类抗病毒药物喷昔洛韦的关键中间体,但长期以来由于使用大量金属硼氢化物造成生产成本高、安全风险高、废物多等缺点。以γ-丁内酯为原料,经Aldol缩合、硼氢化钠还原两步反应得到3-羟甲基四氢呋喃,总收率为51.9%,该法中间体α-羟甲基-γ-丁内酯只有一个内酯羰基需还原,原料γ-丁内酯和甲醛价廉易得,整个工艺路线适于工业化。     

Agricultural productivity growth in Brazil: Large and small farms excel

The long-standing debate on the relationship between farm size and productivity has been generally limited by the range of farm sizes evaluated and the definition of productivity. In this paper we use data from three Brazilian agricultural censuses to address these issues. In particular, we introduce a wider distribution of farm sizes than presently available from the literature and we employ total factor productivity (TFP) as our performance measure. In doing so, we test which farm size class had the highest TFP levels in 1985 and 2006, how factor productivity growth varied within and across farm size classes between those years, and which policy or factor had the greatest productivity enhancing effect. When examining TFP growth, we move beyond the common decomposition into technical and efficiency changes by identifying the complete distribution of farm productivity performances. We find that by 2006 a U-shaped distribution of productivity over farm sizes had emerged. Considerable 1985–2006 TFP growth differences are prevalent; positive rates for the majority accompany stagnant or negative rates for some. Public education investments were associated with faster productivity growth regardless of farm size, while technical assistance’s positive effect and credit’s negative effect were associated with larger farm sizes. The role of specialization varied by size.     

Trade and dietary diversity in Eastern Europe and Central Asia

In public and academic debates, the linkages between agricultural markets and nutrition across the world are vividly discussed. This paper contributes to the ongoing debate by analyzing the relationship between greater openness to trade and dietary diversity. It focuses on the post-communist countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia where trade reforms triggered growth in trade flows and foreign direct investment, which in turn affected food systems in these countries. This shift provides a natural experiment for studying the effects of trade openness on agricultural markets and consumer behaviour. Reduction in trade barriers, for instance in the context of the accession to the WTO and the EU, and the gradual integration with world markets after 1991 had implications for diets through changes in production, prices and incomes. We utilize country-level panel data for 26 post-communist countries in the period 1996–2013 to assess the effects of trade costs, agricultural trade openness and incomes on dietary diversity measured by the Shannon entropy index. The results from fixed effects and instrumental variables estimation are consistent with previous findings that income growth affects dietary diversity positively. They also provide novel evidence that trade barriers reduce variety of products available in domestic markets, in particular fruits and vegetables.     

降低大口径容积式流量计计量误差的探讨

国内原油长输管道交接计量大多采用大口径容积式流量计。尽管容积式流量计误差可控制在±0.2%以内,但受制造工艺和使用条件,以及流量计检定工况与交接工况的差异、油品物性参数变化等因素的影响,流量计的计量误差有时较大。以交接计量油量计算实例,探讨采用流量计系数修正的方法,降低容积式流量计的计量误差。     

China׳s information security standardization: Analysis from the perspective of technical barriers to trade principles

There have been many attempts for ICT standardization in China. Among them, this paper deals with information security standards. Although information security is often mentioned regarding China?s ICT standardization, it has been rarely examined per se. While most studies on China?s ICT standardization focus on economic aspects (e.g. increased bargaining power) or the government?s role, this paper draws on legal aspects. We select WAPI and ZUC for case studies, and examine their legal aspects, particularly from the perspective of WTO?s TBT (technical barriers to trade) principles. We have found that China?s standardization strategy becomes international-bound and, in fact, the manner in which the Chinese government handles standardization projects has become refined, flexible, and communicative with foreign stakeholders. We see that the changes are responses to the trade concerns raised by foreign stakeholders in various TBT Committee meetings and bilateral meetings. In addition, the Chinese government appears to become market-oriented even in the field of information security where it previously maintained a rigid stance on the ground of national security. This paper points out that the changes are attributed to growing external pressure from foreign governments and firms as well as to internal efforts toward innovation based on indigenous technology.