Critical visual analysis of gender: reactions and reflections

Abstract

As a way to think about gender in marketing, this article reflects on recent events of the ‘Gamergate’ scandal, in which an online analyst of gender in video games was severely harassed and threatened. We focus largely of representational conventions of gender, and introduce conceptual tools such as ethics of representation and performative iteration to illuminate key concerns within marketing representation. We raise several important issues for future work on gender and marketing, and urge a move beyond a search for ‘effects’.     

世界物种多样性类别自然遗产OUV表征指标的识别研究

识别物种多样性OUV表征指标,对于世界物种多样性类别自然遗产价值的认知、评估与监测具有重要意义。在对国内外物种多样性评价体系中具有普适性价值指标的初步筛选与分类的基础上,以206项自然遗产与35项混合遗产为研究对象,通过分析表征指标的频次、相关性、回归贡献值与多维聚类度,构建了以稀有性、多样性、代表性和重要性为主的四大类含13项特征的世界自然遗产物种多样性OUV表征指标体系。其中,重点指标4项即濒危物种、物种丰富度、物种特有度和重要物种,一般指标7项即物种相对多度、物种密度、旗舰物种、地方性物种、珍稀物种、红色名录指数和标志物种,参考指标2项即古老孑遗物种和关键物种。该表征指标体系的构建对于自然遗产价值的认知与保护,特别是物种多样性类别遗产的研究、申报、规划与管理具有现实意义。     

Fair trade in tourism

Tourism as an industry is increasing rapidly in developing countries. Due to historical inequality in global trading relationships on the basis of ‘core–periphery’ dependency, globalisation and liberalised free trade, mainstream mass tourism reinforces the social and economic disadvantages of southern destinations. The ‘Fair Trade Movement’ has sought to redress unequal trading by promoting fair trade in commodities with small producers in the South, enabling them to take control over the production and marketing process and challenging the power of transnational corporations. This paper examines the feasibility of fair trade in tourism. It explores the obstacles and opportunities that might lead to establishing a definition of fair trade in tourism, incorporating criteria that would be workable and practical for both partners in the South and North. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于省际面板数据的房地产市场非均衡实证分析

本文从25个省际数据出发,通过建立3个不同特征的面板模型,考察房地产价格对房地产市场非均衡的影响及其省际差异。由于行业本身特征与公共政策的时滞效应,未来控制的方向在于正确引导消费者对价格的理性预期,建立与完善经济预警机制.     

市场化、全球化与劳动力工资不平等增长——基于第二产业的实证研究

针对我国劳动力工资普遍上涨现象,通过对第二产业的实证分析,揭示了竞争性行业工资水平及其增长速度均远远低于垄断性行业的现实,认为与市场化和全球化进程不相适应的体制性因素是工资不平等增长的主要原因。     

A method for determining customer requirement weights based on TFMF and TLR

‘Customer requirements’ (CRs) management plays an important role in enterprise systems (ESs) by processing customer-focused information. Quality function deployment (QFD) is one of the main CRs analysis methods. Because CR weights are crucial for the input of QFD, we developed a method for determining CR weights based on trapezoidal fuzzy membership function (TFMF) and 2-tuple linguistic representation (TLR). To improve the accuracy of CR weights, we propose to apply TFMF to describe CR weights so that they can be appropriately represented. Because the fuzzy logic is not capable of aggregating information without loss, TLR model is adopted as well. We first describe the basic concepts of TFMF and TLR and then introduce an approach to compute CR weights. Finally, an example is provided to explain and verify the proposed method.     

A general model of insurance under adverse selection

Summary. This paper considers optimal insurance schemes in a principal-agent multi-dimensional environment in which two types of risk averse agents differ in both risk and attitude to risk. Risk corresponds to any pair of distribution functions (not necessarily ordered by any of the usual dominance relations) and attitudes to risk are represented by any pair of non-decreasing and concave utility functions (not necessarily ordered by risk aversion). Results obtained in one-dimensional models that considered these effects separately and under more restricted conditions, are preserved in the more general set-up, but some of the questions we study can only be posed in the more general framework. The main results obtained for optimal insurance schemes are: (i) Insurance schemes preserve the order of certainty equivalents; consequently, the latter constitute a one-dimensional representation of types. (ii) Agents with the lower certainty equivalent are assigned full insurance. Partial insurance assigned to the others may entail randomization. (iii) Partially insured positions are an increasing function of the ratios of the probabilities that the two types assign to the uninsured positions. Most of these properties are preserved when, due to competition or other reasons, the insured certainty equivalents can not be set below pre-determined levels. Received: January 13, 1998; revised version: October 10, 1998     

遗产申报与社区居民遗产价值认知:社会表象的视角——开平碉楼与村落案例研究

社会表象是某一社会群体围绕着特定社会客体而建构起来的价值观、概念及实践系统,在一定条件下可能发生修订或重构。本文通过对开平碉楼世界遗产申报过程中的社区居民进行跟踪调查访谈发现,遗产申报为当地社会表象变化创造了社会互动、直接体验和媒介3种新异信息源,进而推动当地社区对碉楼的遗产价值重新认识。在申遗过程中,社区居民对碉楼的价值认知从"外观与功能"不断向"间接经济价值"、"直接经济价值"、"文化遗产价值"转向,重构了当地社区的社会表象。     

Employee representation and financial leverage

We analyze how direct employee voice affects financial leverage. German law mandates that firms’ supervisory boards consist of an equal number of employees’ and owners’ representatives. This requirement, however, applies only to firms with more than two thousand domestic employees. We exploit this discontinuity and the law’s introduction in 1976 for identification and find that direct employee power increases financial leverage. This is explained by a supply side effect: as banks’ interests are similar to those of employees, higher employee power reduces agency conflicts with debt providers, leading to better financing conditions. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of direct employee influence.     

Women in public policy and public administration?

This paper explores the persistence of gender inequality in public administration in the UK and globally. The implications for the continued under-representation of women are explored. The data reveals vertical and horizontal occupational gender segregation which the paper argues, drawing upon representative bureaucracy research, has policy outcomes for beneficiaries of public services.